Expected Salaries for Jobs in the Biochemistry Industry
The biochemistry field is a vast one, ranging from chemists, scientists, laboratory assistants, laboratory technicians, and biochemistry professors just to name a few. Listed below are the average yearly salaries of () different jobs in the biochemistry industry.

1. Scientist- median annual salary $60,000
2. Chemist- average annual approximate $59,000
3. Biochemistry Research Associate- $41,000
4. Biochemist- ranges from $41,010 to $70,286
5. Molecular biologist- $69,000
6. Botanist- $72,000
7. Forensic science technicians- ranges from $32,420 for median to over $81,000
8. Technician or assistant in biotech lab- between $29,921 and $41,919 (according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics)
9. Business Process Analyst (working in a biotechnology firm)- $85,000
10. Acquisitions Logistics Manager- $84,520
11. Research Assistant- (working in laboratories) between $28,394 to $38,815 (according to Payscale.com)
12. Aquatic/marine biologists- can range from $20,000 to over $100,000 depending on experience and education
13. Pharmacist (with continued education)- $112,135
14. Research scientist- (according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics) $84,760
15. Cardiac rehab dietician (with continued education)- $50,000
16. Toxicologist (with continued education)- averages between $46,107 to $96,860 (according to www.salary.com)
17. Biotechnologist- median annual salary of around $76,000 (in 2009, according to Payscale.com)
18. Immunologist- average annual salary of $215,000
19. Research Scientist in biochemistry- between $30,100 and $81,892 annually (according to payscale.com)
20. Forensic Chemist (with continued/furthered education)- between $36,263 and $82,742 (according to payscale.com)
21. Hospital laboratory Assistant Scientist- $66,00 annual average
22. Technical Sales Representative (in the private industry sector)- $97,000 approximate annual salary
23. Logistics Manager in agribusiness companies- $84,000 approximate annual salary

Of course, these salary averages are all approximate and can fluctuate according to geographic location, amount of experience, education, industry area, and even industry hotspots. For specific biochemistry areas of expertise, such as biotechnology research scientists, the salaries can be quite high, between $43k-$71k, while those just starting out in their careers can expect to see around $35k-$56k.

Technorati Tags: Expected Salaries for Jobs in the Biochemistry

The title of Bergman’s presentation is “Slaughter of the Dissidents,” which is the title of a recent one of his books. In the book, Dr. Bergman exposes viewpoint discrimination, which is directed at those in academia who are Darwin Doubters or Darwin Skeptics. Several case studies are offered which document the stories of victims, who are routinely denied the treatment and benefits afforded to their colleagues; educators are denied tenure, students are denied degrees, and scientists are denied the opportunity to conduct scientific experiments or publish their findings in many mainline peer reviewed science journals. Many other tactics are also employed to ensure that the credibility, careers, and influence of these people is thoroughly destroyed. Dr. Bergman has taught biology, genetics, chemistry, biochemistry, anthropology, geology, and microbiology at the college level for over 35 years. He has over 800 publications in 12 languages, mostly in science, 22 books and monographs, and over 100 scientific papers presented at professional and community meetings in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Among his books is a Fastback on the creation-evolution controversy published by Phi Delta Kappa, a college textbook on measurement and evaluation, and he has contributed to dozens of other textbooks. Bio from creationwiki.org “He has taught at the college level for 35 years including 7 years at Bowing Green State University, 6 years at the university of Toledo, and 20 years at …

Technorati Tags: Bergman, Dissidents, Jerry, Origins, Slaughter

Careers in Biochemistry offer a wide range of opportunities, as biochemistry is a very wide area. In simple terms, it refers to the study of substances in living systems, their processes and their interrelationship with one another.

Biochemistry covers areas in the sciences such as chemistry and biology, and it has applications in various fields including medicine, pharmacology, food science, dentistry and toxicology.

People interested in pursuing careers in biochemistry must have the aptitude and interest for the sciences and mathematics, and preferably start as early as high school by taking advanced placement courses in subjects such as biology, chemistry and physics

In college, pursue an undergraduate degree in biochemistry or any other related course, as well as further studies that focus on the particular field in which you want to specialize. Undergraduate degree holders are typically hired as research assistants or technicians, while those with a master’s or a doctorate degree may pursue higher positions in the field.

Some of the fields in which a biochemistry can profess include health and medicine, particularly for the study of diseases and the research for their cure, as well as researching new developments in medicine, such as drug development, stem cell research, or gene therapy. Biochemists who work in the field of health and medicine can pursue careers as molecular biologists, clinical biochemists, biomedical scientists and clinical research associates.

Biochemistry professionals can also work in the field of nutrition, studying the components of food products in order to determine their effect on one’s health, as well as in forensic science, bioinformatics, toxicology and environment preservation.

Careers in Biochemistry – Work Environment

Most biochemists work in colleges or universities, in positions such as instructors and researchers. Other workplace settings may include private companies dealing with health and beauty care food and drink production, chemical manufacturing, and medical instrument and medicine development.

Biochemists may also find employment in the public sector in hospitals, public health laboratories, cancer research institutions, environmental pollution control and public health offices.

In addition, many biochemists work for the government, including for government agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Department of Agriculture and the Armed Services.

A biochemist spends most of the day in a laboratory doing research, using a wide range of tools, instruments and computer programs in order to carry out their tasks. In addition, they can also work with a team of other specialists.

Biochemistry is one of the “hard-core” sciences, and it combines chemistry, biology, mathematics, and physics. Careers in biochemistry are generally related to science or agriculture, in medical, research or crime laboratories, or industrial jobs.

• Molecular Biology

A biochemist must explore, question and seek answers about things at the molecular level. Using molecular tools and techniques, a biochemist can work in DNA technology, stem cell therapies, genetic, cell or protein engineering, or cloning.

Molecular biochemists typically work in medical research, and find employment with public health services, pharmaceutical companies, research universities or laboratories, addressing the molecular-level effects of chemical interactions with respect to diseases or other biological processes, or developing antibiotics.

• Nutritional Biochemistry

Nutritional biochemists analyze food and food products for enzymes, hormones, allergens, minerals, vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates, or to determine caloric or environmental effects on food products. Food regulation and safety agencies, as well as food and drink companies employ nutritional biochemists.

• Physical Biochemistry

Physical biochemists work in jobs related to agriculture or the environment. Their responsibilities include developing pest resistance in crops, new seed products, or trying to improve yields.

Typical jobs in physical biochemistry are with research facilities, government environmental agencies, seed companies, and fisheries. Other employment opportunities include areas related to understanding and controlling environmental pollutants or in forensic laboratories.

• Biotechnology

The field of biotechnology incorporates technological advances with research in order to create and market products to cure, diagnose and test for diseases. Biochemists working in this field deal with altering genetic information to improve the usefulness of plants and animals. Research facilities and health laboratories offer great job opportunities in this field of biochemistry.

• Research & Education

Biochemists have strong educational backgrounds in research-based biology and chemistry, and are specifically trained to develop or utilize their analytical, creative and mathematical skills. This allows professionals to pursue a range of careers in biochemistry, including teaching at all levels, and research.

Technorati Tags: Biotechnology, Careers in Biochemistry, molecular biology, nutritional biochemistry, physical biochemistry

Finding the top biochemistry programs may take a lot of research, because people have different goals and objectives when pursuing biochemistry studies. In addition, they have different requirements for programs, as well as various limitations as students (such as low funding or grades).

Consequently, determining the top biochemistry programs for everyone is difficult, but there are many things prospective students can do to choose the college best suited for them. There are many schools with good or excellent undergraduate biochemistry programs, and in some cases one of the crucial factors for students is the likelihood of being able to get a PhD after graduation.

Moreover, top biochemistry programs at the undergraduate level can also be measured by affordability. The Ivy League School is more prestigious, but some of the most well-established and recognized schools have great scholarship programs, especially for low-income students. On the other hand, they also have a very high number of applicants and not every student falls into low-income status.

Many state schools have excellent programs that are far more affordable. If money is an issue, consider state universities that are attached to medical schools, especially if medical studies are the goal, or those with high profiles through research findings.

U.S. News & World Report – Top Chemistry Programs

According to the U.S. News & World Report’s Chemistry Specialty Rankings, the University of California – Berkeley is ranked as the top school for Biochemistry programs, followed by MIT and Harvard.

The Department of Biochemistry at Stanford University offers an M.S. degree and PhD program to prepare students for productive careers in biochemistry. Courses encompass Genomics and Medicine, Advanced Molecular Biology, Frontiers in Biological Research, Molecular Interventions in Human Disease, Chemistry of Biological Processes, Frontiers in Interdisciplinary Biosciences, and more.

Stanford University also offers a PhD program in biochemistry within the School of Medicine, offering extensive independent research opportunities for experienced graduate students.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Department of Chemistry offers undergraduate degree programs and a graduate PhD program. Undergraduate chemistry majors can lead to an ACS (American Chemical Society-certified) certificate in biochemistry to supplement the undergraduate degree.

Harvard’s Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology offers both undergraduate and graduate degree programs. Undergraduates can apply to complete the Bachelor of Art and Master of Art dual degree program (A.B./A.M.), an intensive program that will prepare advanced students for further graduate study.

Other top biochemistry programs can be found at University of California – San Francisco, Scripps Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, California Institute of Technology, University of California, and Yale University.

Technorati Tags: California Institute of Technology, Harvard’s Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ivy League School, Scripps Research Institute, Stanford University, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Department of Chemistry, Top Biochemistry Programs, University of California - San Francisco, University of Wisconsin

Biotechnology jobs are part of a $28 billion industry which, in a broader sense, uses organisms, cells or molecules isolated from cells to make products or solve problems.

Today’s biotechnology industry numbers roughly 1,457 companies, which employ more than 179,000 people in research and development, manufacturing, sales and other biotechnology jobs.

Moreover, the biotechnology industry is expected to employ an even larger number of people, with hundreds of high-paying scientific and technical jobs becoming available each year.

Biotechnology combines technology with biology for research and development purposes, and it is used in medicine, agriculture, industrial and manufacturing processes, living organisms and many more.

People seeking postgraduate courses in biotechnology can opt for an M.Sc. Biotechnology, M.Sc. (Agriculture) Biotechnology, M.Tech. Biotechnology, Medical Biotechnology or M.Tech. in Biomedical Engineering.

Biotechnology Jobs and Career Opportunities

Career opportunities within the biotechnology industry extend to universities, government laboratories and medical schools, in addition to pharmaceutical companies, chemical, agriculture and allied industries. A Biotechnology unit consists of several divisions that carry out different functions, offering several biotechnology jobs for each department:

• Research and Development

Research and development is the most important component of biotechnology, therefore there are many biotechnology jobs available in this segment, from entry-level to the highest position. Career opportunities include scientific director, scientist, research associate, research assistant, bioinformatics scientist/ engineer, bioinformatics analyst/ programmer, facility manager/ supervisor (animal sciences), molecular modeler, veterinarian, lab assistant and other.

Online employer sites, job boards, recruiter sites and niche sites focusing solely on this industry list hundreds of biotechnology jobs, as the need for biotech professionals is constantly growing.

Biotechnology is a virtually endless research field, and there is a huge demand for well-qualified biological scientists, biotechnology engineers and lab technicians in this sector.

Research and development (R&D) is the most prestigious and popular division of biotechnology, and it consists of three major sections:

1. research for discoveries
2. veterinary science research
3. bioinformatics research

• Clinical Research and Safety

When a specific research is undertaken and adequate functional process or product is developed by R&D, the next step is producing trials in order to determine the effect of the product or process on public health and safety emerges.

Professionals within this division are responsible for ensuring the safety of biotechnological products and processes. The biotechnologist must produce issues of compliance with respect to biotechnological products and processes. This is produced to meet quality standards and rules established by the state.

• Medicine and Pharmaceuticals

There are several areas in medicine and pharmaceuticals in which there is a great need for biotechnology professionals. The greatest demand for biotechnologists is in genetics, genetic nursing, genetic counseling, gene testing, reproductive and regenerative medicine, organ transplantation, public health and safety, and genetic therapy.

• Bioinformatics

The main biotechnology jobs available in this field involve statistical functions, computational biology, database creation, supercomputing, data transfer, data analysis, and other data-related functions.

• Biotechnology Jobs in Agriculture

There are a number of functional areas that depend on biotechnology applications under the broad category of agriculture, offering sever biotechnology jobs in: development of genetically modified variations of plants, development of seeds of biological pesticides, identification and nutrition identification, protection of endangered species and authentication of costly food products.

• Biotechnology Jobs in Law

The significant growth of the biotechnology industry has also lead to a considerable increase in biotechnology jobs in the legal field, in areas such as patent specialties, patent litigation, forensic sciences, and ethical, social and legal issues.

• Space Technology

Biotechnology jobs are also available in organizations involved in manufacturing guided missiles and space vehicles, in functional areas such as creation of life-supporting systems, creation of closed artificial environments, research on space effects on biological systems, ad cybernetics.

• Engineering Jobs in Biotechnology

There are many opportunities for biotechnologists in the field of engineering, such as designing bioprocessing equipment, creating biofuels and other new energy sources, biomedical engineering and others.

Biotechnology specialists can also find employment in universities and other traditional academic structures, in life-science research, military, bio-science communication, anthropology, chemical manufacturing, history and more.

Technorati Tags: Biotechnology Jobs, M.Sc. Biotechnology, M.Tech. Biotechnology, Medical Biotechnology

The importance of laboratory equipment cannot be stressed enough, as medical laboratories are more important today than ever before.

First of all, experiments take place in research labs, and without them medical advancements would not be possible. Moreover, clinical medical laboratories are often used for a variety of medical testing which is commonplace, but rather impractical to conduct inside an actual doctor’s office or clinic.

Generally, laboratory medicine is divided into three main sections, then further divided into a variety of units. The three sections are as follows:

• Anatomic Pathology

Academically, each unit is studied alone in one course, with subjects including physiology, anatomy, histology, pathology and pathophysiology.

• Clinical Microbiology

Clinical microbiology is the largest section in laboratory medicine, encompassing five different units: bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology and immunology.

• Clinical Biochemistry

Clinical biochemistry encompasses units such as instrumental analysis, enzymology, toxicology and endocrinology.

Other sections include hematology, which consists of two units – coagulation and blood bank -, and genetics, which might become the most important section in the future.

Clinical medical laboratories are typically attached to hospitals, either working exclusively with the hospital’s patients or acting as private operations that receive lab work from private doctors, lawyers, insurance companies and other health clinics.

The actual distribution of sections in a medical laboratory will depend in the lab type, the type of experimentation, as well as the major type of work the lab is involved in. Some medical facilities, for instance, have a lab exclusively for microbiology, while others might have various laboratories all dealing with clinical microbiology and different units within it.

Medical laboratories are the greatest consumers of medical supplies and expendables. They receive samples in special containers, and much of the medical analysis that occurs in laboratories is automated. Labs are usually busiest between 2 a.m. and 10 a.m., when blood work is being completed for doctors’ morning rounds at the hospital.

Clinical medical laboratories are a vital part of modern medical diagnosis and treatment, and more advanced diagnostic technology has further increased the need for minute measurements and analysis in order to achieve the proper diagnosis and administer the treatment.

Due to the success medical laboratories have proved in making work flow more efficient and accurate, several technologies for testing have been developed, and some procedures that could previously be done only in labs can now be done at home or in the clinic itself. Now, almost instant results for insulin, cholesterol, illegal substance related blood tests are available.

Even take at home cancer and HIV testing has become available on the consumer market, however this greater availability of some tests has not disrupted the importance of the medical laboratory. In fact, these tests seem to have made the labs even more important, as unclear tests need to be brought directly to the lab that created the at-home or in-clinic tests.

Genetic medicine is expected to grow tremendously in the future, and medical laboratories dealing with genetic testing will become even more important, while the basic operations of today’s labs will remain similar. The testing might be focused more on genetic code than pathogens and biochemistry, but the clinical medical laboratory will nonetheless continue to be an important part of medical diagnosis and treatment.

Technorati Tags: Anatomic Pathology, Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Microbiology, HIV testing, Importance of Laboratory Equipment, laboratory equipment, medical facilities, medical laboratories, medical supplies

Few areas of science have as immediate or profound an application to real life as forensics—typically defined as the use of science to address questions and investigate matters related to crimes and other legal matters. Recently, BMCC and John Jay College of Criminal Justice joined forces to launch a joint program that offers a unique path to a career in forensic science while taking the concept of credit transferability to a new level. When the program makes its debut this fall, it will enable qualified students to pursue an associate in science degree at BMCC and then transfer seamlessly to John Jay, where they can earn a BS degree in Forensic Science. Total credit transferability is assured. A rich and varied profession While TV shows such as Law and Order have popularized the role of forensics, the field is considerably broader, says BMCC science professor Charles Kosky. Forensic scientists work in labs, in the field, and in offices as supervisors and administrators, he says. They can pursue careers in both the private and public sector and in criminal as well as civil cases. Its an incredibly varied field. Some students even move on to other careers; Kosky knows of at least one BMCC graduate who transferred to John Jay and later went on to medical school. The one constant is the need for a thorough grounding in the STEM disciplines—science, technology, engineering and mathematics. The BMCC part of the program will involve a heavy course load in the basic sciences …

Technorati Tags: Intersect, Science

William Shaw, Ph.D. obtained his doctorate in biochemistry, genetics, and human physiology from the Medical University of South Carolina. He is certified in the fields of clinical chemistry and toxicology by the American Board of Clinical Chemistry. Dr. Shaw worked for six years in nutritional biochemistry, endocrinology and immunology at the US Centers for Disease Control and for twelve years in Smith Kline Beecham Clinical Laboratories where he was involved with specialized medical testing for toxicology (poisons and drugs), immunology, tumor receptors and endocrinology. For the subsequent five years, William was an associate professor at the University of Missouri at Kansas City (UMKC) School of Medicine. At the same time, he served as Director of Clinical Chemistry, Toxicology and Endocrinology and the organic acid testing for metabolic conditions at UMKC’s Children’s Mercy Hospital. Currently, William serves as Director of The Great Plains Laboratory for health, metabolism and nutrition in Lenexa, Kansas. He specializes in metabolic and nutritional factors in a wide range of human diseases, with a special focus on the the metabolic, infectious, nutritional, and immunological causes of autism and PDD.

Technorati Tags: ADHD, Autism, Causes, Multifactorial, Shaw, Testing, WIlliam

A few Biochemistry Careers products I can recommend:

Physicians in Transition : Doctors Who Reinvented Themselves!
Physicians in Transition, Doctors Who Successfully Reinvented Themselves is a book about remarkable people who have overcome obstacles in the pursuit of personal happiness and career satisfaction. 232 page paperback book.
Physicians in Transition : Doctors Who Reinvented Themselves!

30-second impact resume
‘By the way, I loved your e-book! I have read many résumé writing articles and have visited over 15 sites, and yours is by far the best. Worth every penny!’ Lance, Texas
30-second impact resume

It Takes More Than Talent – 20 Ways To Boost Your Fine Art Career
Lessons and tutorials for aspiring fine artists written by a successful, internationally-collected, full-time fine artist, Carolyn Quan. Carolyn has 20+ years of experience as a successful artist in Toronto, New York City, Hawaii and San Francisco.
It Takes More Than Talent – 20 Ways To Boost Your Fine Art Career

Technorati Tags: Doctors, physicians, Reinvented, Themselves, Transition

In Chapter 6 of 10 in her 2010 interview with Capture Your Flag host Erik Michielsen, health economist and comparative effectiveness researcher Clara Williams details how field work and lab – or bench – research offer complementary experiences in building a science career. Williams shares the practical and variable challenges from field research across projects doing hurricane disaster relief and West Africa public health restructuring. These experience teaches Williams to develop more practical implementations and interventions. More scientific bench research provides Williams an idea of what is realistic project expectations and timelines. Williams holds an MPA in Public Health Finance from New York University and a BS in Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry from Yale University. View more videos at www.captureyourflag.com
Video Rating: 0 / 5

Listen to why one of our Graduates, Katherine Webb, chose to complete her Bachelor of Pharmacy degree at the School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland. Katherine now works as a Community Pharmacist in rural Australia.

Technorati Tags: Balance, Career, Clara, Field, Research, Science, Williams, Work

A Biochemistry Online Course can be extremely helpful in earning the required credit to pursue professional level programs. Upon successful completion of an online biochemistry course, one may be able to enroll into professional programs such as nursing, pharmacy and dentistry.

In addition, these online course programs also grant Associate’s and Master’s degrees. With a comprehensive curriculum, students are introduced to the intricacies of the field and become eligible for better career opportunities.

Moreover, online education is also a great opportunity for those who, for various reasons, cannot attend campus-based courses. The online course flexibility ensures the students can get a good education while also tending to other commitments.

The topics covered in an online biochemistry course curriculum include genetic code and protein synthesis, energy production, clinical immunology, cellular architecture, bioenergetics, RNA synthesis and cell culturing.

There are numerous options available for taking a full course online, so make sure to browse around and pick the one that best suits your need. Here are some of the top online biochemistry course programs:

• Saint Joseph College offers a Master of Science (MS) in Biochemistry, in a 30-credit program, providing a solid foundation for pursuing higher education. This online program is designed to provide an in-depth knowledge in the fields of biology and chemistry. In addition, students may also pursue professional programs in the field of health care after completing the online biochemistry course. The course curriculum covers topics such as chemical thermodynamics, biochemistry, pharmacology, endocrinology, medicinal chemistry and biochemistry of cancer.
• Lehigh University offers an MS in Molecular Biology, in very high demand nowadays. The course curriculum is broken down into two separate sections, for a more comprehensive approach: the first section includes mandatory course programs such as Advanced Cell Biology, Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, while the second section includes courses that cover Molecular Biology of Eucaryotic Organisms, Human Genetics and Reproduction, Virology, Classical and Molecular Embryology, Structure and Function of RNAs and Ribonucleoprotein Complexes. Real time participation is mandatory, as the program is shared through online platforms using Chatroom Live. Internet access required.
• UC Berkeley Extension provides an Introductory Biochemistry program. Elementary knowledge in the fields of chemistry and biology is required in order to pursue this program. The course encompasses topics such as cellular architecture, energy production, enzyme catalysis, and biological oxidation. It takes six months to complete, and students can at enroll anytime of the year.
• University of New England offers comprehensive online biochemistry courses, focusing on human medical biochemistry. The course is accredited by New England Association of Schools and Colleges, and provides a great foundation for pre-medical, pre-physician assistant or for entering the professional medical industry. Students may enroll at any point of the year, and complete a minimum of 13 weeks. The course curriculum is delivered through virtual medium via DVD, reading materials and other formats.
• Keiser University offers an Associate’s Degree in Biotechnology, with a course curriculum covering areas like biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology, fundamentals of biochemistry, clinical immunology, cell culturing and genetics.
• University of Toronto offers online biochemistry courses supported with medical perspective, in order to help students better understand areas like tissues, metabolism, storage of genetic information and other such relevant areas. In addition, this course serves as an excellent foundation if you want to make a career in the health care industry by pursuing a higher degree. Internet access is required, and courses are delivered through interactive videos. Elementary knowledge in the field is required to enroll in the program. The course curriculum includes topics like the nature of bonds in molecules, genetic code and protein synthesis, nature of enzyme catalyzed reactions, as well as their regulation, inhibition and mechanisms, basic concepts of metabolism and bioenergetics and RNA synthesis.

Technorati Tags: Biochemistry, Biochemistry Online Course, Master of Science, online education

Biochemistry Degrees are essential for a successful career in the fascinating field of biochemistry. Basically, biochemistry courses will focus on the effects of chemical and biological reactions on biological systems, the role and arrangement of molecules and biological systems, as well as practices for obtaining, studying and recovering information.

For starters, you can choose to take on courses like physiology, cell and molecular biology and microbiology, then advancing to enzyme actions, gene regulation, metabolism, cell communication and others such. Once you specialize in an area of study, you can pursue your degree and prepare for wonderful employment opportunities.

The biochemistry degree programs are designed to help students understand the cell as a functioning chemical system, examining the communication between cells and the internal chemistry of cells.

Biochemistry basically breaks down into four distinct sections: molecular biology, macromolecular metabolism, nutritional biochemistry and physical biochemistry. Graduate students can pursue careers in the field of health care and medicine after successfully completing one of the biochemistry degree programs.

In addition, there is also a great demand for qualified biochemists in biotechnology firms, molecular biochemistry, scientific publishing, pharmacology or veterinary medicine, so there are plenty of employment opportunities.

Biochemistry Degree Programs

Biochemistry Degrees involve advanced research and study in chemistry, biology and physics. The curriculum will cover bio-organic chemistry, plant biotechnology, plant genome, molecular evolution, signal transduction and biochemical regulation, genome maintenance and stability, general biochemistry, neuroscience, methods in gene regulation, as well as physical biochemistry.

There are numerous universities offering General Biology Degrees and Biochemistry Degrees, either traditionally, through campus-based programs, or online, through online biochemistry degree programs. Either way, all biochemistry courses are designed to provide students with the proper education for a successful career.

At Saint Joseph, for instance, you can pursue a Masters Degree in Biology through a distance learning program which provides the courses on CDs with image, video and audio lecturing material. The University of Maryland offers a Masters degree in Life Science, while the University of Nebraska at Kearney offers a Masters Degree in the Science of Biology and credit time programs.

In addition, at the University of Maryland you can also pursue Bioinformatics, Biotechnology Management, MS in Biotechnology Studies and BTPS in Biotechnology. By pursuing an MS in Biotechnology, students will gain a solid foundation in management and policy issues – essential in the biotechnology industry. Moreover, Stanford University offers MS in Biomedical Informatics, Certificate in Bioinformatics, as well as a comprehensive Computational Genomics Certificate Program.

Technorati Tags: Biochemistry, Biochemistry Degrees, Certificate in Bioinformatics, Computational Genomics Certificate Program, macromolecular metabolism, molecular biology, nutritional biochemistry, physical biochemistry, Saint Joseph

Biochemistry Companies can provide a challenging work environment, but if you choose this career path it will surely be worth it from a financial point of view once you find the right job for you.

There are numerous Biochemistry Companies, consequently not all positions are paid the same. Some companies may offer great salaries and benefits, while others may give you a place to work but not much else. In addition, keep in mind that not all chemistry jobs are the same, so the salary will not depend only on the company, but also on level and qualification.

Many consider that all chemistry jobs, especially at the top 10 biochemistry companies, are equal. In fact, the lowest-level chemist jobs pay a little over $30,000 per year, the median pay is somewhere around $50,000 per year, while the top end chemist jobs pay about $90,000 or more per year.

Of course, now the question remains where to find those high-end jobs. Well if you dream of something big, shoot for the top biochemistry companies. A small company will likely not be able to pay you the salary you dream of, so go for the bigger prey. Here are the top biochemistry companies looking for qualified chemists:

• Procter & Gamble – the manufacturer of more than fifty product lines, this company always needs qualified chemists. Moreover, as the company has a great diversity, the job opportunities are excellent.
• Pfizer – with three world class facilities, Pfizer almost always has a high demand for qualified synthetic organic chemists. In addition, the company is constantly developing new drugs and improving old ones, so it also makes it a great place for a high-end chemistry job.
• 3M – while not seen as a company in need of a lot of chemists, 3M actually has a pharmaceutical division who is in need of qualified employees. Their drug line is constantly expanding and adding new products. Moreover, the company specializes in all types of health drugs, therefore you will have a wide range of opportunities.
• Shell - famous worldwide, Shell is not just an oil company, but an important pioneer in the future of fuels. The company is constantly conducting research and developing new ways to improve fuels. Chemistry jobs are always in high demand.

The pharmaceutical industry offers a world of possibilities for qualified chemists. Constantly developing, producing and marketing drugs licensed as medications, pharmaceutical companies need chemists as you need air. Such companies may deal in generic and/or brand medications, but either way they are subject to various laws and regulations dictating the patenting, testing and marketing of drugs.

Among the top biochemistry companies important for biochemistry research, are Amicon, Viorad, Millipore, Perkin-Elmer Biosystems (formerly Applied Biosystems, PerSeptive Biosystems, and Molecular Informatics). Originally the manufacturers of Biocad, PerSeptive Biosystems are now a subsidiary of Perkin-Emler.

Biochemistry Analysis can be achieved through a number of techniques. The device called biochemistry analyser is designed to performed a variety of biochemical tests. It was invented by Hans Baruch and commercially introduced to the medical community in 1959.

Ever since, the biochemical analyser has allowed medical laboratories and hospitals to process significantly more samples in a shorter amount of time, and more effectively. With this automated biochemical analysis instrument, the amount of time necessary for such tests has sharply reduced from days (even weeks, sometimes) to a few minutes.

Before the biochemical analyser, the most common method used involved open test tubes placed in racks, then moved along a track or spun in a carousel. In order to protect the samples from contamination, as well as to protect the laboratory staff from illness or injury, this method soon evolved to closed tube sampling.

Contrary to popular belief, the introduction of automated biochemistry analysers did not remove the need for clinical lab technicians, but it did improve conditions and made the laboratory a safer working environment, while also reducing errors.

A biochemical analyser can perform a variety of tests, ranging from testing enzymes for liver function tests to testing ions for sodium and potassium levels. In addition, this biochemistry analysis instrument can also analyze blood glucose, creatine, serum albumin (a plasma protein) and others.

Basically, there are three categories of biochemistry analyzers: the wet type, the dry type and the bio sensor.

• The wet type analyzer involves mixing a test sample with a reagent to encourage a chemical reaction. A spectrophotometer, a calorimeter or another such reading device can then be used to read the color change before and after the reaction, allowing for thorough analysis. This technique, however, requires expensive instruments, as well as the ability to keep reagents valid for long periods of time.
• With the dry type biochemistry analyser, a chemical reagent such as an antibody or enzyme must be applied to a test strip. It will react directly with the test sample. On the other hand, this method involves a greater risk of oxidation of the test strip, which can in turn result in faulty readings.
• With a bio sensor type biochemistry analyzer, the test sample may be oxidized and placed on a thin film. The film is then placed onto the surface of an electrode, such as hydrogen peroxide or pillar, and then a polarized potential is applied to the anode and cathode. The electrodes thus released may be measured. On the downside, the pillar electrodes require constant maintenance, which can lead to cross pollution, which can in turn result in faulty readings.

In some cases, more specialized tests are required and a separate biochemistry analyzer is necessary. This analyzer can be used either for several tests or a single test. Still, most tests are expensive to perform and quite time consuming. Manufacturers are currently working to develop automated systems for these rare tests, as there is a shortage of skilled clinical laboratory professionals.

Due to the advance and recent contributions in chemistry, biology and genetics, the biochemistry analyzer has also been evolving and constantly improving. Biochemical research is moving forward, advancing from the study of a few molecules to the functional study of all biomolecules. Biochemical analyzers are currently being used to help tag proteins and nucleic acids with special dies in order to help scientists sequence the human genome.

Technorati Tags: automated biochemical analysis instrument, biochemical analyser, Biochemistry Analysis

Biochemistry Scholarships can be your golden ticket toward a rewarding career in biochemistry, providing the perfect opportunities for a proper education and great academic achievement.

At Virginia Tech, for instance, academic Biochemistry Scholarships are available through the Office of Scholarships and Financial Aid (OSFA), or through a variety of colleges and academic departments. In order to qualify for scholarship activities at Virginia Tech, take the following steps:

• Complete the Free Application for Student Financial Aid (FAFSA), available online. Make sure to complete it in due time.
• Complete the Virginia Tech OSFA Online General Scholarship Application.
• If you get invited, complete the Virginia Tech Honors Program Application. Again, make sure to complete it on time. Keep in mind that these applications are issued only by invitation.

The Bachelor of Science (BS) in Biochemistry can be pursued either through the College of Agriculture & Life Sciences (CALS) or the College of Science (COS). CALS offers numerous undergraduate Biochemistry Scholarships, but there still is a quite a fierce competition between Biochemistry majors seeking those scholarships.

For more specific information, consult the CALS scholarship information and application form. All applications for such Biochemistry Scholarships are due April 1st, but it is best to send it sooner if possible. The College of Science (COS) has fewer scholarships available.

In addition, the Biochemistry Department also awards departmental scholarships to provide financial resources for rising Juniors and Seniors. No application is necessary for these scholarships, they are awarded based on excellent academic achievement.

Awards and Biochemistry Scholarships for Under-Graduate Students

• William Burns Downey Memorial Scholarship (Endowed) – this scholarship is designed to encourage biological and chemical research for undergraduate students in the Department of Biochemistry.
• R.W. and Frances H. Engel Scholarship (Endowed) – as with the one above, this biochemistry scholarship is designed to provide financial resources to support the education of undergraduate students in the Department of Biochemistry.
• Alumni Scholarship (Annual Giving) – this is awarded to support the education and academic achievement of upper division undergraduate students, with majors in biochemistry.
• William E. Newton Award (Annual Giving) – this scholarship is awarded to a senior who, as a junior, demonstrated research potential and accomplishment. The award was established in honor of W.E. Newton, Department Head between 1992 and 1998.
• Richard E. Ebel Scholarship (Annual Giving) – this scholarship was established in honor of R.E. Ebel, and is awarded to the rising senior who has proved superior ability to pursue a successful career in the life of sciences, through excellent accomplishment in the biochemistry curriculum.

Also on an annual basis, the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry awards the following scholarships:

• Kenneth W. Brighton Scholarship – awarding a student half-tuition for Fall and Winter semesters. It was established in recognition of Kenneth W. Brighton, a former Chemistry student at the University of Utah, who received a generous scholarship that enabled him to accelerate his education. Due to that scholarship, he was able to complete his PhD at Johns Hopkins and pursue a successful career as an industrial chemist with the American Can Company.
• H. Tracy Hall Scholarship – like the previously mentioned scholarship, this financial aid also awards half-tuition for Fall and Winter semesters. It was established in honor of Professor H. Tracy Hall, an emeritus member of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. In his illustrious career of 26 years of teaching and research, Professor Hall invented the process for making industrial diamonds, first with General Electric and then using newly invented presses at BYU.
• Ida Tanner Hamblin Scholarship – this award is designed to provide a female student half-tuition for Fall and Winter semesters.
• Boyd A. Waite Scholarship – awards half-tuition for Fall and Winter semesters. It was established in recognition of Dr. Boyd A. Waite, a former student who received his B.S. Degree in Chemistry in 1978.
• Byron J. Wilson Scholarship – awards a student half-tuition for Fall and Winter semesters. It was established in recognition of Dr. Wilson’s remarkable career of 31 years as a professor of chemistry at BYU.

As previously mentioned, these scholarships are awarded annually by the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Students must apply each year, typically during February. The Chemistry and Biochemistry Scholarships are not renewable and are awarded based upon strict criteria established by the donors. For more information about the scholarship application, consult the department’s website or the C104 BNSN.

Technorati Tags: Bachelor of Science, Biochemistry Scholarships, CALS scholarship, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, College of Science, FAFSA, Office of Scholarships and Financial Aid, Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech Honors Program Application, Virginia Tech OSFA Online General Scholarship Application

Cancer: A Historical Perspective By Lawrence Broxmeyer MD

Hodgkin’s cancer under attack

When Virginia Livingston was a student at Bellevue Medical College her pathology teacher mentioned, rather disparagingly, that there was a woman pathologist at Cornell who thought Hodgkin’s disease (a form of glandular cancer) was caused by avian tuberculosis [1]. This lady had published, but no one had confirmed her findings. Afterwards, Livingston compared slides of both. In Hodgkin’s, the large multinucleated giant cells were called Reed–Sternberg cells. They were similar to the giant cells of tuberculosis, which formed to engulf the tubercle bacilli. Livingston stored away in her memory that this lady pathologist was probably right but she would have a difficult time in gaining acceptance.

By 1931, Pathologist Elsie L’Esperance was seeing ‘acid fast’ tuberculosis-like bacteria riddling her Hodgkin’s cancer tissue samples. And that germ, once injected into guinea pigs, caused them to come down with Hodgkin’s too, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. L’Esperance brought her stained slides to former teacher and prominent Cornell cancer pathologist James Ewing. Ewing initially confirmed that her tissue slides were indeed Hodgkin’s. But when he found out that her slides came through guinea pig inoculation of the avian (fowl) tuberculosis she had found in humans with Hodgkin’s, Ewing, visibly upset, said that the slides then could not be cancer.

It betrayed his checkered history of high-placed medical politician. In 1907, you could have approached Dr. James Ewing about a cancer germ, and he would have embraced you over it. At that time, both for he and the rest of the nations medical authorities, it was not a question of whether cancer was caused by a germ, but which one. Was not it Ewing, at one time, who had proclaimed that tuberculosis followed Hodgkin’s cancer “like a shadow”?

But shortly after, James Ewing, “the Father of Oncology”, sent a sword thru the heart of an infectious cause of cancer with “Neoplastic Diseases” [2], becoming an ambitious zealot for radiation therapy with the directorship of what would one day be called Sloan–Kettering squarely on his mind. His entry lay in prominent philanthropist James Douglas. A vote for Ewing, Douglas knew, was a vote for continued radiation and James Douglas began sizeable uranium extraction operations from Colorado mines thru his company, Phelps Dodge, Inc.[34].

Soon Sloan became known as a radium hospital and went from an institution with a census of less than 15% cancer patients, separated by partition, lest their disease spread to others, to a veritable cancer center. But the very history of radiation revealed its flaws, and by the early 1900s nearly 100 cases of leukemia were documented in radium recipients and not long thereafter it was determined that approximately 100 radiologists had contracted that cancer in the same way [3].

Still, Ewing, by now an Honorary Member of the American Radium Society, persisted.

Elise L’Esperance was anything but alone in linking Hodgkin’s to a germ called Avium or fowl tuberculosis. Historically Sternberg himself, discoverer of Hodgkin’s trade-mark Reed–Sternberg cell, believed Hodgkin’s was caused by tuberculosis. Both Fraenkel and Much [35] held, as L’Esperance, that it was caused by a peculiar form of tuberculosis, such as Avium or Fowl tuberculosis, and of all the cancers, debate over the infectious cause of Hodgkin’s waxed the hottest.

Into this arena L’Esperance stepped in 1931, with few listening. She would publish Studies in Hodgkin’s Diseases [4] in an issue of Annals of Surgery. It proved to be the one legacy that no one, not even Ewing, who would soon die from a self-diagnosed cancer, could take away.

Dr. Virginia Livingston

“Our (cancer) cultures were scrutinized over and over again. Strains were sent to many laboratoriesfor identification. None could really classify them. They were something unknown. They had many forms but they always grew up again to be the same thing no matter how they were cultured. They resembled the mycobacteria more than anything else. The tubercle bacillus is a mycobacterium or fungoid bacillus.”–Virginia Livingston, 1972

Virginia Wuerthele-Caspe Livingston was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania and went on to obtain impeccable credentials. Graduating from Vassar, she received her M.D. from N.Y.U. The first female medical resident ever in New York City, with time Livingston became a Newark school physician where one day a staff nurse asked medical assistance.

Already diagnosed with Reynaud’s syndrome, the tips of this nurses fingers were ulcerated and bled intermittently. Livingston diagnosed Scleroderma. But upon further examination there was a hole in the nasal septa, something that Livingston had previous seen in the mycobacterial diseases TB and Leprosy.

So Livingston approached dermatologist Eva Brodkin and a pathologist for confirmation, all the while convinced that mycobacterial infection was causing the Scleroderma. She then preformed cultures from a sterile nasal swab – mycobacteria appeared, everywhere [1]. Injected into experimental chicks and guinea pigs, all but a couple died. Upon autopsy, the guinea pigs had indeed developed the hardened skin patches of Scleroderma. . . some of which were cancerous.

Momentum builds

Livingston, now possessed, solicited fresh sterile specimens of cancer from any operating room that would give them to her. All cancer tissues yielded the same acid-fast mycobacteria. New Jersey Pathologist Roy Allen confirmed her findings. Livingston and Allen then found that they could actually differentiate malignant from benign tissue by their mycobacterial content [5]. But still the explanation for why the cancer germ showed so many different forms was elusive.

Try as she might, part of Virginia Livingston’s problems in an American validation of her multi-shaped cancer germ lay firmly entrenched in the history of medicine, especially in the constantly changing field of microbiology. Louis Pasteur could handle being quickly rushed off a Paris Academy of Sciences podium to escape harsh reaction to his suggestion that children’s milk be boiled first, but he could not tolerate his rival Pierre Bechamp’s statement that a single bacteria could assume many, many forms. On his deathbed, Pasteur was said to have changed his mind when he said: “The terrain is everything”, meaning the culture or milieu that bacteria grew on or in could change their shape or characteristics. But it was too late and even today, most conventional microbiologists deny the existence of such form changing (or pleomorphic) germs.

Robert Koch, Father of Bacteriology and discoverer of tuberculosis, could have helped. When he first worked with the bacteria anthrax, he noticed that anthrax’s classical rod shape became thread-like inside the blood of laboratory mice. And then, after multiplying, they changed again, into the same assumed spore-like forms he later documented in tuberculosis as well.

Aware of what she faced, yet undismayed   Livingston methodically went about proving cancers true cause. First in her line of attack were the long suspected and well-publicized tumor agents of Rous, Bittner and Shope. By photomicrographs, Livingston and her group demonstrated acid-fast mycobacterial forms in each of these so-called “viral” cancers. This included the famed Rous chicken sarcoma.

Early on, Virginia Livingston had decided that she needed help in validating her cancer germ and nobody knew the shapes and staining capacities of mycobacterial-related germs better than Dr. Eleanor Alexander-Jackson of Cornell. As far back as 1928, Eleanor Alexander-Jackson, bacteriologist, had discovered unusual and to that point unrecognized forms of the TB bacillus, including its filterable forms. By 1951, Alexander-Jackson was considered the expert TB microbiologist at Cornell.

In the same year, another American, H.C. Sweany proposed that both the granular and other forms of tuberculosis that passed thru a filter caused Hodgkin’s cancer [6]. This was subsequently supported by studies by Mellon, Beinhauser and Fisher [7,8]. Mellon prophetically warned that tuberculosis could assume both its characteristic red acid-fast forms as well as blue nonacid-fast forms indistinguishable from common germs such as Staphylococci, fungi and the Corynebacteria

Technorati Tags: Broxmeyer, Cancer, Historical, Lawrence, Perspective

Undergraduate students from the University of California San Diego have forged a new area of bioinformatics that may improve genomic and proteomic annotations and unlock a collection of stubborn biological mysteries. Their work will be published in the July 2008 issue of the journal Genome Research. Video by Daniel Kane – Jacobs School of Engineering cse-ece-ucsd.blogspot.com
Video Rating: 5 / 5

Interview with bioinformatics researcher Dr. Atul Butte on how computers are giving us a deeper understanding of human disease. National Institute of General Medical Sciences www.nigms.nih.gov

Technorati Tags: Area, bioinformatics, Diego, Forge, Undergraduates

Naturopathic Careers Today

Find Naturopathic Careers in the United States and Canada. Individuals who enter naturopathic careers have a promising professional outlook as today’s patients have begun to seek noninvasive and natural health treatments in lieu of traditional medicine.

To work in naturopathic careers, prospective candidates should investigate the field prior to pursuing the profession. It is essential that appropriate education is met before attempting to practice as a naturopathic doctor. Today, students desiring naturopathic careers must first apply and participate in a naturopathic degree and/or diploma program offered through various naturopathic colleges and alternative healing schools.

For example, in Canada, naturopathic careers require a certain level of training and education through an accredited naturopathic school. Prerequisites include a basic education that often includes a bachelor’s degree comprised of coursework in biology, chemistry, psychology and humanities. These prerequisites generally mirror many of the requirements set forth in U.S. schools.

In addition, naturopathic careers require up to seven years of training and education. Typical curriculums involve basic science studies in anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pathology, preventive medicine, botanical medicine, naturopathic history and philosophy, nutrition, hydrotherapy, Oriental medicine, homeopathy and pharmacology – to list a few.

Furthermore, candidates who attain naturopathic careers discover that while this is an integrative medicine practice, many naturopathic doctors (NDs) act as primary care physicians in clinics, hospitals and other healthcare facilities. In addition to noninvasive therapies, naturopathic practitioners provide natural healing alternatives to traditional medicine including holistic modalities like mind-body-spirit therapies (e.g., massage therapy, energy healing, holistic nutrition, etc.).

According to the Association of Accredited Naturopathic Medical Colleges, licensed practitioners in naturopathic careers report a 71% satisfaction in income. And with the growing trend of acceptance in the alternative medicine community, the likelihood for growth in naturopathic careers is positive. As with any professional aspiration, it is important that potential students carefully review licensure regulations in the state or province in which they reside. (States and provinces vary in licensing requirements.)

If you (or someone you know) are interested in finding naturopathic careers, let professional training within fast-growing industries like massage therapy, cosmetology, acupuncture, oriental medicine, Reiki, and others get you started! Explore career school programs near you.

Naturopathic Careers Today

© Copyright 2007

All Rights Reserved

NOTICE: Article(s) may be republished free of charge to relevant websites, as long as Copyright and Author Resource Box are included; and ALL Hyperlinks REMAIN intact and active.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/education-articles/naturopathic-careers-today-167288.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #167288)

Business Info

Advertising

Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Copyright © 2005-2011 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

Technorati Tags: Careers, Naturopathic, Today

Osteoporosis and Nutrition

Osteoporosis is a weakening of the bones, which usually occurs in middle-aged and older women. It is a serious problem that can dramatically affect the quality of life for someone, especially if they end up with bone fractures. The health cost of fractures alone in older people was almost billion per year in the 1990’s (1). There are three types of osteoporosis. Type I is hormonal-related (ex. estrogen deficiency). Type II is diet-related (ex. calcium deficiency). Type III is drug treatment-related (ex. corticosteroid therapy for an unrelated condition) (2). As of 1999, an estimated 10 million people in the USA had osteoporosis (2). About one out of three women end up with osteoporosis after menopause (3).

A woman’s menstrual cycles that stop in mid-life is known as menopause. The bone-maintaining hormone estrogen falls in concentration after menopause. Estrogen helps maintain healthy bone density. The lowering of estrogen levels then results in bone loss over time, although the loss is highly variable between people. Ten years after menopause, bone mass losses can range from 5-40% (4). In the past, doctors would simply prescribe estrogen as a replacement therapy. Later, John Lee, MD discovered that the hormone progesterone is equally important as estrogen to bone health. Estrogen therapy may slow bone loss, but progesterone therapy can reverse bone loss (5). Unfortunately, both estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement can have serious side effects, including: heart attack, stroke, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, gallbladder disease, and vision problems (6). There are other causes of osteoporosis besides hormonal changes after menopause. They include: drug use, old age (after age 70), other illnesses of organs, non-sex hormone gland problems, malnutrition, and physical inactivity (4). The use of drugs for ailments unrelated to osteoporosis can be a major factor in their unwanted contribution to bone thinning. There are many different medications that may contribute to osteoporosis, including: antibiotics, corticosteroids, diuretics (water pills), thyroid medications, and antacids that contain aluminum (7). Since drug use can have such a powerful effect on bone health, there has been a large amount of research on how to maintain bone health through several different means, including nutrition.

There are two main nutrients that have been examined when looking at the relationship between nutrition and bone health: protein and calcium. The reason is that one third of bone is protein (collagen matrix), and two-thirds of bone is composed of calcium phosphate, with some small amounts of sodium and magnesium. When protein (especially animal protein) is digested and assimilated, there is a release of acids in the body. The excess acid is then excreted by the kidneys. However, acid is positively charged, and there always has to be an equal amount of positively and negatively charged molecules in any solution. The molecules that release the positively charged acid into the body (for example, sulfate) are now negatively charged. The body cannot simply get rid of the positively charged acid by itself, it needs negatively charged molecules to soak up, or buffer the acid. With otherwise healthy people, this is easy to do, because the body has different molecules to bind to the acid and later excrete it.

Similarly, the body cannot get rid of the sulfate molecules alone that recently released the acid. The kidneys need to balance the negatively charged sulfate molecules with positively charged minerals, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. This is where minerals are lost from the body: balancing the charges of molecules that were once acidic. There are minerals in the bloodstream that can initially buffer the protein-derived molecules, but they are eventually depleted. This is when the minerals in bone are recruited to help balance diet-related acid production.

The first compounds in the bone to help buffer an excess acid load from the diet are sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate. Later, calcium is leached from the bones as calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate (8). High-protein diets do result in increased calcium excretion (9). Additional evidence for protein leaching calcium from the bones comes from a study showing that there is an elevated risk of bone fracture in women that have a high protein intake and low calcium intake (10). However, there is some evidence that increasing protein intake does not necessarily use up buffering minerals from bone for two reasons. First, if the diet is balanced with adequate amounts of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium, then there does not have to be an acid neutralization of the protein from bone minerals. Second, excess acid generated by digestion stimulates ammonia production, which can accept excess acid, becoming the ammonium ion, which is then excreted (11). Whatever the cause, there is bone loss from mineral leaching, which happens over long periods of time.

The key to slowing osteoporosis is to ensure that there are adequate minerals to balance molecules like sulfate, especially the mineral calcium. Estrogen helps the body absorb calcium (12). Soybeans have chemicals that mimic estrogen; therefore the eating of soybeans may be safer than direct estrogen-replacement therapy. Since the serious side effects of estrogen and progesterone replacement have been recognized, there have been some relatively safer drugs put out on the market. Bisphosphonate, or Alendronate (Fosamax) is generally well-tolerated (6). Calcitonin nasal spray is safer than calcionin injection, which has resulted in at least one fatality in the past, due to an allergic reaction (13). Raloxifene (Evista) has a relatively low side-effect profile. Potassium bicarbonate has been experimentally used to treat osteoporosis. However, there can be serious side effects form overuse of oral bicarbonate solutions (14).

There are two ways to get more calcium in the body: food and supplements. Foods that have a good amount of calcium include beans and green leafy vegetables. However, the calcium in spinach is poorly absorbed. People who tend to do better with a protein and fat-based diet need a greater calcium intake. These are probably the same people who would benefit from supplementing with calcium for the treatment and/or prevention of osteoporosis. People who tend to do better on carbohydrates instead of protein and fat should add magnesium to their osteoporosis-fighting regimen (5). Additionally, it appears that there are highly variable calcium requirements between ethnic groups for maintaining bone mass (7). Since both protein and minerals are lost in osteoporosis, it would make sense to replace both protein and minerals at the same time, through a supplemented meal, for example.

Although the recommended daily allowance of calcium is 1000-1200 mg, the National Osteoporosis Foundation claims that the average adult American has a calcium intake of only 500-700 mg/day (3). Calcium intake by drinking milk may not be the best method. Women who drank at least two glasses of milk a day actually had a 50% higher chance of hip fractures (15). The reasons for this strange outcome are unknown. There probably is not enough protein in the milk to leach calcium from the bones, especially when there is calcium in the milk to begin with. It has been known for a long time, though, that most adults are at least partially lactose intolerant, and that dairy product use can contribute to a number of different illnesses, including allergies and certain infections.

If you supplement with high doses of calcium (more than 1000 mg/day), try to also supplement with some magnesium, manganese, and zinc. High calcium intake can inhibit the actions of these three other minerals (12). Do not supplement with more than 500 mg/day of magnesium, 10 mg/day of manganese, or 50 mg/day of zinc. Do not take calcium supplements at the same time as eating whole grains—they can inhibit calcium absorption (2). Also do not take calcium supplements at the same time as any fiber supplements, or when eating leafy greens such as spinach.

Calcium supplements, if taken with food (not with whole grains or spinach) are generally well-tolerated. People with kidney stones, a family history of

Technorati Tags: Nutrition, Osteoporosis

Understanding The Major Breakthrough Of Cancer

Hunting for Genetic Mutations and Cancer

The current paradigm in medical research holds that the cause of most cancers is a genetic mutation. For instance, according to the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), an institute at the NIH, “all cancers are based on genetic mutations in body cells.”  In fact, mutation hunting is big business. Just look at the NIH budget allocated to discoveries of genetic mutations, the number of biotech companies chasing genetic mutations, the magnitude of the licensing agreements between biotech and pharmaceutical companies aimed to utilize newly discovered genetic mutations, and the number of stories in the media on genetic mutations and their so-called “link” to disease. However, this huge effort and billions of dollars has produced few discoveries and little benefits to the public. The reason for this limited success is simple. The cause of cancer is not a genetic mutation.

The story of the BRCA1 gene is a typical example of mutation hunting.

The Mystery of BRCA1

Genes, in general, produce proteins, which are the building blocks of cells. The concentration of the protein is tightly regulated. A mutated gene produces an abnormal concentration of its protein, which may lead to disease. In 1994, Mark Skolnick, PhD, discovered the BRCA1 gene (BRCA1 is short for BReast CAncer 1). Following the discovery, scientists observed an abnormally low level of the BRCA1 protein in breast cancer tissues. The BRCA1 protein is a cell cycle suppressor, which means that the protein prevents cell replication. This observation created a lot of excitement. At the time, scientists believed that they were on the verge of finding the cause of breast cancer. The reasoning was that breast cancer patients must have a mutated BRCA1 gene, which would explain the decreased production of the protein, and the excessive replication of breast cancer cells in tumors.

In the United States, 180,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year. However, the BRCA1 gene is mutated in less than 5% of these cases. In more than 95% of breast cancer patients the gene is not mutated.

So here is the mystery. If the gene is not mutated in the great majority of the breast cancer patients, why are the tumors showing low levels of the BRCA1 protein? Today, this is one of the biggest mysteries in cancer research.

The BRCA1 gene is not unique. Many normal (non-mutated) genes exhibit a mysterious abnormal (increased or decreased) production of proteins in cancer. Moreover, studies also report abnormal gene expression of normal genes in other diseases, such as atherosclerosis, obesity, osteoarthritis, type II diabetes, alopecia, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, asthma, lupus, thyroiditis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and graft versus host disease.

The Discovery

A virus is a collection of genes. To replicate, some viruses settle in the nucleus of the host cell and use the cell machinery to replicate. What is the effect of a viral gene on the production of cellular proteins?

Think of a gene as an assembly line of a protein. Like all assembly lines, the gene has two parts, a conveyor (the gene coding section), and a control panel (the gene promoter/enhancer). Imagine a cellular shop that assembles a product called BRCA1. One of the many buttons on the control panel is called N-box. Pressing the button increases production. However, only a small number of operators (called transcription factors), those who pass a special certification (called the p300 test), have permission to press this button.  What happens when a virus opens a shop across the street from the cellular shop (called latent infection) to produce its viral products? The control panel in the viral shop also has an N-box button. To start production, the virus begins to hire away some of the certified operators. What is the effect of this “hiring away” on the number of available BRCA1 units? The number decreases. Moreover, the decrease becomes apparent even before the virus starts production (the “hiring away” is what creates the effect, not the viral proteins). The viral assembly line competes with the BRCA1 assembly line for the certified operators, and by hiring them away prevents the cellular shop from producing the optimum, or “healthy” number of BRCA1 units. The lower number of BRCA1 units leads to excessive cell replication and breast cancer. (See a more technical description in a recent paper published in the European Journal of Cancer.)

The infection with the latent virus causes abnormal production of other genes, and as a result, the development of other chronic diseases. This sequence of events easily explains why people who suffer from obesity are also more likely to suffer from diabetes, cancer, and heart disease, and why a recent large scale study found that a low-fat diet does not protect against breast cancer.  It also explains another surprising observation that male pattern baldness is associated with heart disease and prostate cancer. In general, this sequence of events easily explains the numerous observations indicating a co-existence or co-morbidity of some chronic diseases.

This discovery was first described by Dr. Hanan Polansky in his book, Microcompetition with Foreign DNA and the Origin of Chronic Disease, published by The Center for the Biology of Chronic Disease.

To summarize: the cause of cancer, and other chronic diseases, is not a genetic mutation, it’s an infection with a latent virus.

Reaction of the Scientific Community

What is the scientific community saying about Dr. Polansky’s discovery?

Consider what the famous heart surgeon and “Living Legend,” Michael E. DeBakey, said about the discovery, “The theory underlying the basic concept concerning the origin of chronic diseases presented by Dr. Polansky is most interesting, indeed fascinating … Perhaps a symposium could be held to provide a forum for further discussions and critiques of this fascinating theory.”

Elena N. Naumova, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Tufts University School of Medicine, said, “Dr. Polansky’s work compellingly demonstrates a framework that could bring together researchers from different fields. His proposed theory will work its magic by clarifying ambiguous definitions, identifying similarities and differences in various biological processes, and discovering new pathways … I believe that Dr. Polansky’s book will catalyze the scientific learning process, promote interdisciplinary cross-fertilization, stimulate development of treatment strategies and drug discovery, and leave the reader inspired.”

Sivasubramanian Baskar, PhD, Senior Scientist from the National Cancer Institute, NIH, said, “At first, I wish to congratulate Dr. Hanan Polansky for his scientific bravery to take such a unique, novel approach to further stimulate our understanding of the origin and establishment of chronic diseases. The philosophy underscored is an excellent one … The amazing correlation between theoretical predictions and observed in vivo effects seems to bring us a step closer to a deeper understanding of such complex biologic processes.”

Marc Pouliot, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Canada, said, “The concept of microcompetition will change our approach in the study of chronic diseases and will furthermore give scientists a higher level of understanding in biology. Presentation of this concept undoubtedly provides a new set of opportunities for attacking chronic diseases … They lead the way to new approaches in chronic disease treatment.”

Howard A. Young, PhD, Section Head, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, said, “In summary, Dr. Polansky is to be applauded for his attempt to provide a unifying basis for chronic diseases. His theories are stimulating and offer a basis for experimental testing and possible treatment.”

Michael J. Gonzalez, PhD, Professor, Medical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, said, “I know this book will profoundly impact medical research, drug discovery, as well as natural therapies. I also believe it will benefit the scientific community and society in general by providing further means of treatment for conditions in which only palliative care is

Technorati Tags: Breakthrough, Cancer, Major, Understanding

Forensic science technicians investigate crimes by collecting and analyzing physical evidence. Often, they specialize in areas such as DNA analysis or firearm examination, performing tests on weapons or on substances such as fiber, glass, hair, tissue, and body fluids to determine their significance to the investigation. Proper collection and storage methods are important to protect the evidence. Forensic science technicians also prepare reports to document their findings and the laboratory techniques used, and they may provide information and expert opinions to investigators. When criminal cases come to trial, forensic science technicians often give testimony as expert witnesses on laboratory findings by identifying and classifying substances, materials, and other evidence collected at the scene of a crime. Some forensic science technicians work closely with other experts or technicians. For example, a forensic science technician may consult either a medical expert about the exact time and cause of a death or another technician who specializes in DNA typing in hopes of matching a DNA type to a suspect. Most science technicians need an associate degree or a certificate in applied science or science-related technology. Biological and forensic science technicians usually need a bachelors degree.
Video Rating: 5 / 5

An eager Oklahoma woman seeks a new career in forensics.
Video Rating: 3 / 5

Technorati Tags: Become, Forensic, Science, Technician

UCSD Biology 50th Anniversary Special Event Nobel Laureate Lecture: Susumu Tonegawa, ‘68 PhD From Molecular Biology to Immunology and Neuroscience: A Journey of a Lifetime Susumu Tonegawa’s extraordinary and prolific scientific career may be encapsulated in threes: three continents, three disciplines, and three subjects for his talk: “I will reminisce about studying molecular biology at UCSD and the Salk Institute as a graduate student in the 1960s; I will discuss the essence of the immunological research we conducted at Basel that led to the Nobel Prize in 1987; and I will outline the exciting contemporary research on learning and memory being conducted at MIT.” Dr. Tonegawa graduated in 1963 from Kyoto University and earned his Ph.D. in molecular biology at UC San Diego, then went on to a postdoctoral fellowship at the Salk Institute. He spent a decade at the Basel Institute for Immunology in Switzerland, and since 1980 has been at MIT This special Nobel Laureate lecture event is sponsored by the Ray Thomas Edwards Foundation in collaboration UCSD Neurobiology.
Video Rating: 5 / 5

Video Rating: 0 / 5

Technorati Tags: Laureate, Lecture, Nobel, Susumu, Tonegawa

USQ Bioinformatics Senior Lecturer, Dr Jesus Lopez, will lead a world first study that will look at genes and their responsiveness to radiotherapy in bladder cancer sufferers. The study will be undertaken from next year and is of great importance to bladder cancer patients worldwide. ‘When treating bladder cancer there are two types of treatment, radiotherapy and removing the bladder,’ Dr Lopez said. ‘About 45 percent of bladder cancer patients require radiotherapy or surgery and radiotherapy has a failure rate of 50 percent, while surgery (bladder removal) diminishes quality of life considerably. ‘What we want to do is use Bioinformatics to test patient’s genes and see if we can predict whether or not radiation will work and discover which genes are involved in tumour-death.’ Support for the research has come from abroad, with interested stakeholders in the UK keeping an eye on the results. ‘The project is in collaboration with Cancer Research UK, The University of Ulster and the University of Leicester,’ Dr Lopez said. ‘Patients used in the study will be from the UK, while we will use bioinformatics to analyse data here.’ Dr Lopez has also received backing from the Australian Research Council (ARC) for the study after receiving a Discovery Grant worth 0000. ‘These Discovery Grants are very competitive and are not only based on the project that you want to do but also on your background,’ he said. ‘It is a vote of confidence and if you get some promising results there …

Technorati Tags: Australia, bioinformatics, Jesus, Lopez, Radiotherapy

Chiropractic Careers in America

Find Chiropractic Careers in the United States and Canada. Common chiropractic careers include doctors of chiropractic or chiropractic physicians. These professional fields of holistic healthcare require a substantial amount of education and training.

Applicants interested in chiropractic careers will find that there are various chiropractic schools across North America offering extensive curriculums in human anatomy, chiropractic theory and application, biochemistry, physiology, microbiology, pathology and radiology. In most instances, students that are pursuing chiropractic careers will discover that most chiropractic colleges require a minimum of 4,200 class, clinical and laboratory hours; in addition to educational prerequisites equivalent to a 4-year degree. Typically, chiropractic careers can only be entered once all educational and state requirements have been met; in addition to licensure and annual continuing education courses.

Chiropractic careers are as individual as the professional practitioner. Some doctors of chiropractic go onto attaining specialized postdoctoral training in pathological subjects such as pediatrics, neurology, orthopedics and other related studies. In addition, chiropractic physicians may work independently, in partnerships with other chiropractic doctors or in integrated medical clinics with conventional doctors and/or massage therapists.

As a progressive line of work, candidates pursuing chiropractic careers can anticipate promising professional options. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, “employment is expected to increase faster than average as consumer demand for alternative health care grows.” Depending on education, experience and reputation, professionals working in chiropractic careers can expect lucrative earning potential as well. While “median annual earnings of salaried chiropractors were ,910 in May 2004,”[1] salaries in chiropractic careers can be as high as 8k annually.

If you (or someone you know) are interested in pursuing chiropractic careers, let career training within fast-growing industries like massage therapy, cosmetology, acupuncture, oriental medicine, Reiki, and others get you started! Explore career school programs near you.

References:

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Chiropractic Careers in America
© Copyright 2007

The CollegeBound Network

All Rights Reserved

NOTICE: Article(s) may be republished free of charge to relevant websites, as long as Copyright and Author Resource Box are included; and ALL Hyperlinks REMAIN intact and active.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/education-articles/chiropractic-careers-in-america-147910.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #147910)

Business Info

Advertising

Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Copyright © 2005-2011 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

Emma Catchpole is Manager of the Cosmetic Formulation Team for Alliance Boots in Nottingham, UK. She studied Medical Biochemistry, one of a suite of Biological Sciences degrees available at the University of Leicester, graduating in 2002. In this short video Emma talks about her role at the company, including development of the Protect and Perfect range (tinyurl.com For more information about Alliance Boots, please see their website www.boots-uk.com For more on a career in new product development, see http For more on the company’s ethical policies, see www.boots-uk.com This video is part of the Careers After Biological Sciences at Leicester initiative (CABS). Started in 2007, CABS aims to demonstrate the variety of careers that can be pursued after completion of a degree in the biosciences. For more information about Careers After Biological Sciences see biosciencecareers.wordpress.com for more information about studying Biological Sciences at the University of Leicester see www.le.ac.uk and for more information about the University of Leicester see www.le.ac.uk

Technorati Tags: America, Careers, Chiropractic

Biochemistry Course ? A Brief Introduction

Biochemistry is a notorious course that demands a high-volume of information in a very short period of time. In this course, we study that the chemical properties of important biological molecules, for instance proteins are the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Today, there are several methods of studying that assist students in learning more efficiently and effectively. This program is a combination of biology and chemistry for explaining the life processes in terms of chemical reactions within living cells.

Biochemistry, a high-volume course, progresses and builds the concepts on the fundamentals. This course has many fields i.e. cancer research, cell biology, enzymology, food and nutrition, signal transduction, toxicology, environmental biochemistry, molecular biology and biotechnology etc. There are many colleges and universities in India that offer biochemistry course at their institutes. After completing the Biochemistry course from Top medical colleges of India, an individual can have great career opportunities such as molecular biology, marine biology, entomology, industrial chemistry, virology, genetics, horiculture, quality control and much more. This course includes the study of the chemical processes in the living organisms which deals with the structure and function of cellular components like carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and other bio-molecules.

After completing a course in Biochemistry, a person studies the chemistry of living organisms for increasing the scientific knowledge as well as it also develops various ways to apply its knowledge in many areas like medicine, agriculture, veterinary science, environmental science and manufacturing. The students, who want to build his bright future in this field, should have good problem solving skills and excellent communication skills. As a Biochemist, an individual may perform many tasks such as:-

He studies the chemical processes that occur within individual cells He can also do study the processes like digestion and growth that involve whole organisms He also undertakes the detailed analysis of chemical with the usage of sophisticated instruments and techniques

At last, we can say that Biochemistry course brings various job opportunities for the students. Once an individual completes the course, he can easily get a decent job in this field.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/college-and-university-articles/biochemistry-course-a-brief-introduction-1109177.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #1109177)

Business Info
Advertising

Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Copyright © 2005-2011 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

Technorati Tags: Biochemistry, Brief, Course, Introduction

Scholarships for Pakistan

PhD student position in molecular immunology at the Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology of the University of Munich available.Applications are invited from graduates with a diploma (master degree or equivalent) in molecular biology, biochemistry or immunology to study epigenetic histone and DNA modification in T cell plasticity and thier role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The project will closely interact with several projects of the Division that collectively aim to analyze the pathophysiological role of T cells in autoimmune diseases and the implementation of these findings into the clinical setting.

For scholarship updates visit 2011 scholarships portal

The project is funded by the Programm für Forschung und Lehre at the medical faculty of the Universtiy of Munich. Close interactions with other projects within the Division and PhD projects within the graduate program „Oligonucleotides” (GraKo 1202) and projects within the center grant „Autoimmunity” (SFB 571) will be established.

For scholarship updates visit 2011 scholarships portal

Applicants who are highly motivated and capable to work independent as well as a part of a team, have a strong interest in basic science of inflammation and translational research, have experience in flow cytometry, cell culture, molecular biological and immunological techniques and are looking for an interesting project within a stimulating ambience under close supervision in an interdisciplinary, international research team should send their
application with two references no later than January 15th to:

Prof. Dr. Hendrik Schulze-Koops, MD, PhD; Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Munich, Pettenkoferstraße 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany. e-mail: hendrik.schulze-koops@med.uni-muenchen.de

Application Deadline : 15 January 2011

For scholarship updates visit 2011 scholarships portal

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/international-studies-articles/scholarships-for-pakistan-4076881.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #4076881)

Business Info

Advertising

Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Copyright © 2005-2011 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

Technorati Tags: pakistan, scholarships

Biochemistry Education

Biochemistry involves studying the chemistry of living effects such as substances, compounds and processes. Biochemists mix the fields of microbiology, cell biology, genetics, chemistry, cell biology, and physics in their day-to-day effort or experiments. They get keen on the most, minute characteristics of organisms, and their biological processes. They may be identifying the way in which DNA, which carries the genetic information, is transferred between cells and can be manipulated.

Biochemistry finds request in clinical and forensic science and in the food and pharmacological industries. Biochemists are contributing to advances in a large variety of areas, plus health, agriculture and the environment. The viewing of unborn babies for disease and investigation of possible cures for illnesses such as cancer and AIDS are likely due to improve in the biochemical settlement of disease Biochemistry work environment can be the government, private sector, laboratories, hospitals, universities, and further educational and research institutions.

Valuable Attributes of Biochemistry

Problem solving, research and logical skills, and curiosity are important traits for coming biochemists. Nice oral and written communication skills are critical as many scientists work as part of a group, write study papers or proposals, and have dealings with clients or customers with nonscience backgrounds. Observational, arrangement, team effort, organisational, and computational skills are significant for the entire scientists, as well as biochemists.

Biochemistry Tutoring

Begin with science in plus two/equivalent with Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Maths for future career in Biochemistry. Even though some universities do offer biochemistry during graduation, post graduation really establishes you as a biochemist. MSc Biochemistry is offered in more than forty universities. You preserve opt for a Junior Study Fellowship after MSc by appearing for the UGCCSIR JRF/NET exam. This may possibly lead to a lectureship and a career in research and development, consulting or combined work. Some medical colleges might offer MD Biochemistry open to MBBS graduates. Central Drug Research Institute, Industrial Toxicological Research Institute, National Botanical Research Institute, etc would offer scope for higher studies and research.

Employment Opportunities in Biochemistry

Biochemists may work in vaccine research, hormone production, virology or immunology; food science jobs; plant science jobs; or zoology jobs in areas from marine biology to entomology. They might be positioned in industry, hospitals, forestry, agriculture, dietetics, research institutes, education and related areas. They could work in pharmaceutical , food, brewing, biotechnology and agrochemical companies not just to develop new products but also to monitor the production, quality control and protection of existing ones.

Biochemists also work in hospitals, laboratories or medical research laboratories and the pharmaceutical industry. Biochemists provide diagnostic service, moving out tests on blood, urine and other body fluids, although researching the underlying causes of disease and the methods of care. They find opportunities for advanced teaching in universities and colleges, and medical, dental and veterinary schools. Biochemists do a large amount of their work in biotechnology which involves understanding the complex chemistry of life. Emerging areas of employment are in environmental and pollution control companies and the biotechnology industry.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/career-management-articles/biochemistry-education-2554355.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #2554355)

Business Info

Advertising

Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Copyright © 2005-2011 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

Technorati Tags: Biochemistry, Education

No More Chemistry Tutor ? Chemistry With Rich-media Learning

Dr. Wayne Huang

Need chemistry help? Thinking about hiring a chemistry tutor?

There is a better alternative for anytime and anywhere chemistry help – Rich-Media Learning. This is to use the multi-modal rich learning via enhanced visualization, animation and expert narration, along with the focus on core concepts and problem solving.

Chemistry for many is a rather difficult subject to crack, but it is so important that you have to pass it in order to move forward with your college education. A qualified chemistry tutor (with a Master or PhD degree in chemistry) can certainly offer the personal help needed in homework or specific questions, but nevertheless a systematic review is not what a chemistry tutor does.

There is a better and easier way! Your chemistry help is on its way. Learn your chemistry visually in 24 hours! But how?

The rich-media Rapid Learning Series by Rapid Learning Center is a break-through learning system with scientific teaching method coupling with rich-media visualization and expert narration. In chemistry, it breaks down the entire course into 24 chapters, one chapter at a time, one hour per chapter in total of 24 hours.

Instead of using a chemistry tutor, here is an easy 3-step to master chemistry powerfully:

Step 1: Study all the core concepts and learn how to solve problem step by step via rich-media video tutorial.

Step 2: Practice the problem solving with the game-based interactive drill

Step 3: Super Review the summary cheatsheet.

In an hourly study of each chapter, it will take 30 minutes for the rich-media video, 20 minutes for the problem drill and 10 minutes for the super review, together 60 minutes for one chapter.

You can check this out at http://www.RapidLearningCenter.com.It is definitely a powerful and state-of-arts learning system specifically designed for science mastery.

“Dr. Wayne Huang is a rapid learning coach, who is the co-author of over 10 published books and 100 24-hour rapid courses in chemistry, physics, biology, medicine and mathematics. He is also the founding editor of Chemistry Tips, Physics Tips, Biology Tips and Math Tips, the daily student eZines freely available at http://www.RapidLearningCenter.com, the learning portal of Rapid Learning Inc.”

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/online-education-articles/no-more-chemistry-tutor-chemistry-with-richmedia-learning-661683.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #661683)

Business Info
Advertising

Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Copyright © 2005-2011 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

Human Immunology Prevails at FOCIS 2010 – Olivera Finn, PhD
Video Rating: 0 / 5

Technorati Tags: Chemistry, Learning, More, Richmedia, Tutor

Scientific Careers: Pharmacists and Forensic Science Technicians

When students want to consider a career in science, a preliminary research on the available options is required. In that regard, without such research students limit their possibilities to a list of professions, mostly connected to popular stereotypes. It is no doubt that a nuclear scientist is a prestigious profession, but there are much more scientific careers than that. Thus, this article will attempt to provide an overview of two different career opportunities in science, which are a pharmacist and a forensic science technician.

Pharmacist

A general perception of pharmacists is an image of people who only dispense and counsel on the use of medications. There is a lot more of science in such profession than it might seem from outside. The discipline of pharmacy is concerned with natural science subjects such as chemistry, physics, biology, etc. Most pharmacists received a degree before moving on with pharmacy studies. The usual tasks performed by pharmacists include performing procedures for mixing and labeling medications, according to established dosages, providing consultations to patients on drugs usage, reviewing the accuracy of prescriptions and their ingredients, and others. Most pharmacists work in community pharmacies, although they can work in labs in large pharmaceutical companies.

Forensic Science Technician

Forensic science technician is a scientific career the popularity of which might be drawn by its media depictions. With various movies and TV series, the role of forensic science technician got wider recognition. The basis of such profession lies in studying forensic science, criminology, or other narrower specialties, such as investigation, toxicology, pathology, etc. The usual tasks of forensic science technicians are performed in the crime scene, the laboratory, or both, including collection and analysis of evidences, interpretation of findings, identifying materials and samples, and others. Such profession is highly valued, and it can be stated that it is not less scientific than the one of a nuclear scientist, which was indicated in the introduction.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/careers-articles/scientific-careers-pharmacists-and-forensic-science-technicians-3042849.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #3042849)

Business Info

Advertising

Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Copyright © 2005-2011 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

Technorati Tags: Careers, Forensic, Pharmacists, Science, Scientific, Technicians

Circulation Problems and Circulatory Health

Circulation of the blood, and the oxygen and nutrients that it carries, is absolutely essential to life. Any problem in the circulation can therefore lead to serious health problems. There are a number of different circulatory problems that can affect a person. One of the most common circulatory problems is arteriosclerosis, which is strongly related to heart disease. Arteriosclerosis, the hardening of the arteries, is discussed in the article Heart Disease and Metabolism. Other serious circulatory problems include blood clots (arterial embolisms), aneurysms, thrombophlebitis, varicose veins, circulation-related skin ulcers, Raynaud’s disease, and Buerger’s disease. These will be discussed in more detail below.

How do blood and nutrients circulate through the body? There are two circulatory loops in the body. One is to bring oxygen from the lungs to the heart, and to dispose of carbon dioxide in the blood by pumping it from the heart to the lungs. The other loop is the heart pumping blood containing oxygen and nutrients to the rest of the body through the arteries. Later, carbon dioxide and other waste products are returned to the heart through veins, and then they cross over to the other circulatory loop for exhalation by the lungs.

Blood clots are one of the most common, and serious, circulation disorders. There are two types of blood clots—a thrombus and an embolus. A thrombus is a blood clot that does not move from its location in the blood vessel. An embolus is a blood clot that has broken away from its original position in the vessel and now blocks blood flow downstream from its original site. An aneurysm is a weakening and widening of a blood vessel. If a blood clot in a vein causes inflammation, it’s known as thrombophlebitis.

Varicose veins are usually visible on the legs and ankles. They are caused by small valves in the veins becoming weak and unable to close, which makes the blood back up in the veins. There are two types of circulation-related skin ulcers. Skin ulcers caused by veins are basically varicose veins that have worsened, and the blood eventually makes it to the skin’s surface. These particular types of ulcers are called venous ulcers. Ischemic ulcers are from circulation problems in the arteries, and are the cause of intermittent claudication. Buerger’s disease is associated with smoking. It is a disease of the extremities caused from blood vessel blockages that supply oxygen and nutrients to the hands and feet.

Raynaud’s disease is a special circulatory condition that usually occurs when emotional distress or cold temperatures cause an exaggerated an abnormal blood vessel constriction. Extremities (hands and feet) can lose circulation and turn blue. People may not have full use of their hands and feet during this time, which can be a serious problem. People with Raynaud’s disease may want to restrict or eliminate coffee, since it constricts blood vessels. Raynaud’s disease may be an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system. People with Raynaud’s may have a strong sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for constricting blood vessels.

There are a number of natural supplements that can help increase blood circulation. Vitamin E may help circulatory disorders, since it thins the blood; as you have read above, the main circulatory problems involve blood clotting or vessel constriction. Inositol Hexaniacinate (or Nicotinate) enhances blood flow to the hands and feet (1). Magnesium may be helpful for Raynaud’s disease, since it can relax constricted blood vessels (1). Magnesium may also be beneficial for circulation problems, especially during the winter. One study found that magnesium levels were significantly lower in women with Raynaud’s disease who were exposed to cold temperatures than women who didn’t have the disease (2). Vitamin C is an excellent supplement to help circulation. It helps strengthen arteries (3), is a cleaner and detoxifier, and it helps combat oxidation. It also can help lower blood pressure (4) and cholesterol modestly.

Below is some general advice before starting any plan to help increase circulation. Consult your physician before beginning any exercise program to increase blood circulation. Certain high blood pressure drugs, including calcium channel blockers and alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockers, can mimic Raynaud’s disease symptoms. If you are on these medications, talk to your physician about alternative medications for your high blood pressure. There are also natural therapies for helping to control blood pressure; Dr. Jensen can provide more information on how to control high blood pressure naturally.

There are a lot of different supplements that supposedly help to increase circulation. Some may help and some may not, but if you decide to try some of the supplements below, then it’s important that you understand the potential side effects and drug interactions of each one. Pregnant and nursing mothers should not take the supplements below. Always notify your physician before taking any supplement.

Accessory supplements for circulation problems should not be taken with aspirin, NSAIDS (ex. Ibuprofen), Warfarin, or other blood-thinning drugs. Uses of the circulation-enhancing supplements below are not recommended, and any serious side effects are noted.

Inositol Hexaniacinate: relatively few side effects

Ginko Biloba can cause seizures, serious skin disorders, internal bleeding

Evening Primrose Oil: may cause seizures in susceptible persons

Fish Oil: none serious; however, fish oil contains trace amounts of mercury, which is a neurotoxin. This makes fish oil questionable as a supplement, since the drawbacks of ingesting a mercury-containing substance may outweigh any benefits from the fish oil itself. Flaxseed oil may be a better alternative

Feverfew: relatively safe

Garlic: can cause serious allergic reactions, skin burns, internal bleeding, liver toxicity

Flaxseed Oil: relatively safe

Vitamin E: do not supplement with more than 200 IU/day unless directed by your physician

L-Carnitine: may rarely cause seizures

Chlorophyll: relatively safe, but no convincing evidence for helping circulation problems

Chondroitin Sulfate (Shark cartilage): can inhibit blood formation; not a good supplement for people with circulation problems

Black Cohosh: relatively safe

References:

1. The Healing Power of Vitamins, Minerals, and Herbs. Pleasantville, NY: Reader’s Digest Association, 1999.

2. Leppert, J., et. al. (1990). Lower magnesium levels after exposure to cold in women with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Journal of Internal Medicine, 228: 235-239.

3. Pauling, L. (1974). Are Recommended Daily Allowances for Vitamin C Adequate? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Nov., Vol. 71, No. 11, pp. 4442-4446.

4. Ettarh, R., Odigie, I., &Adigun, S. (2002). Vitamin C lowers blood pressure and alters vascular responsiveness in salt-induced hypertension. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, Dec, 80(12): 1199-1202.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/diseases-and-conditions-articles/circulation-problems-and-circulatory-health-1076632.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #1076632)

Business Info

Advertising

Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Copyright © 2005-2011 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

Technorati Tags: Circulation, Circulatory, Health, Problems

Way to Develop Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology BusinessBiotech Industries and Bioinformatics:

There is always been a problem in handling growing business demands. Especially in Life science companies like Bio-Technology and Pharmaceutical companies. These companies involve in finding new medical therapies, development and production of drugs to use as medication in curing diseases. Their research assignments generally produce enormous amount of data. It causes troubles in Data Conversion, storage and integration. Life science informatics or bioinformatics can be simply explained as gathering, managing and processing these pieces of generated biological information. It plays a crucial role in the development of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.

Bioinformatics – Challenges and Solution:

Bioinformatics provides a devastating group of challenges. The handling and maintaining huge amount of data makes it hard to concentrate on the core business. It does not allow enough time for the standards to establish themselves in the field regardless to its rapid growth rate. Here the offshore outsourcing comes into rescue. Outsourcing has been proven to be one of the effective solutions for biotech companies to acquire great results in efficiency, cost reduction and in productive aspects. Speaking about outsourcing the next logical question pops out would be if that particular process in Life science informatics can really be outsourced? Well, if you consider outsourcing to India you can get any kind of talent in any kind of process. It is absolutely not an overstatement. Right now about 50% of the world’s outsourcing is being done to India.

Factors Driving Outsourcing to India:

According to a research, when compared to other developed countries India offers about 30-40% costs savings in overall drug discovery research and approximately about 60% cost savings when outsourcing core bioinformatics services.  Some of the factors enabling these are,

1) Lower pay costs for skilled manpower
2) Supportive government policies
3) Lower infrastructure costs
4) Time zone advantages

Outsourcing to India also reduces the operating costs, increase efficiency and decrease development period to launching period timelines. These factors drive to further reduction in R&D costs and are fueling the outsourcing of bioinformatics services to India. Regardless of these; the high quality of output in more sensitive works like Data mining, Data Processing makes the bioinformatics outsourcing services companies of India more trusted and dependable by the Pharmaceutical and Biotech clients around the globe. A new study has revealed that the Indian bioinformatics services outsourcing opportunity is expected to grow almost double by 2010 that is up to USD 62 million. These factors actually boost up the confidence to outsource bioinformatics work to India.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/outsourcing-articles/way-to-develop-pharmaceutical-and-biotechnology-business-1075038.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #1075038)

Business Info

Advertising

Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Copyright © 2005-2011 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

National Workshop on Bioinformatics Tools in Design & Optimization of Drug like Molecules (26th to 28th March 2008)

Technorati Tags: Biotechnology, Business, Develop, Pharmaceutical

Faculty and staff of Scripps Translational Science Institute (www.stsiweb.org) talk about their work this video features Kai Post, MS, Senior Bioinformatics Programmer, whose responsibilities include assisting the institute’s clinical and analytical staff with technical and database support.

Faculty and staff of Scripps Translational Science Institute (www.stsiweb.org) talk about their work this video features Nicholas J. Schork, Ph.D., Director of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, who briefly explains why quantitative science enables scientists to develop reliable inferences from massive amount of genomics and genetics data. For more information: www.stsiweb.org

Technorati Tags: About, bioinformatics, Post, Programmer, Senior, talks, Work

Shiraz Makda is a Foundation Year One Doctor. He studied Medical Biochemistry, one of a suite of Biological Sciences degrees available at the University of Leicester, before pursuing a five year Medicine programme also at the University of Leicester. In this short video Shiraz talks about his experiences since completing his original degree and offers some advice to people thinking of following a similar route into postgraduate medicine. This video is part of the Careers After Biological Sciences at Leicester initiative (CABS). Started in 2007, CABS aims to demonstrate the variety of careers that can be pursued after completion of a degree in the biosciences. For more information about Careers After Biological Sciences see biosciencecareers.wordpress.com for more information about studying Biological Sciences at the University of Leicester see www.le.ac.uk and for more information about the University of Leicester see www.le.ac.uk
Video Rating: 5 / 5

Technorati Tags: After, Biological, Careers, Sciences, Shiraz

Yeast Problems and Diet

Yeast is a microorganism that grows in warm, moist areas that have sugar as a food source. Everyone has yeast somewhere in their body—it’s a natural situation. It is present in the large intestine, and often as a thin white layer at the back of the tongue. A strong immune system and “friendly” bacteria inside our gut act to keep yeast levels in check. However, if a person’s immune system is not functioning correctly, or if they don’t have the right amount of friendly bacteria, yeast overgrowth (candidiasis) can occur. Candida albicans is a single-celled fungus, and it is this species which appears to cause the most yeast-related problems for people. It can penetrate the lining of the gut, which can worsen food allergies and food sensitivities. Candida overgrowth in the vagina can cause a painful infection.

In fact, yeast overgrowth is much more common in women than men (1). Candida overgrowth can spread to the ears, fingernails and/or toenails, ears, and nose. If candidiasis becomes severe and uncontrolled, the yeast can actually invade multiple organs and cause life-threatening health problems. Certain diseases can also contribute to Candida overgrowth, including: HIV infection, diabetes, and cancer. Causes of candidiasis can include: steroid medication, alcohol use, a high-sugar diet, chronic antibiotic use, oral contraceptive use, and parasites.

There are many different symptoms of candidiasis. Neurological symptoms can include: chronic fatigue, memory loss, alcohol intolerance, and depression. Gastrointestinal symptoms can include: food allergies and sensitivities, heartburn, cramps, gas and bloating, and diarrhea or constipation. Genitourinary symptoms can include: impotence and/or prostatitis for males, and vaginal and/or urinary tract infections for females. Other symptoms can include: jock itch, athlete’s foot, rectal itching, and severe premenstrual syndrome. There is often a craving for alcohol, sweets, or breads.

Like most fungus, Candida grows in moist, warm areas. This can include areas on and inside the body such as the mouth, throat, lower intestine (which is alkaline pH), and vagina. Alkaline pH can support infection, including yeast infection. This is why areas like the vagina are normally acidic, to help inhibit infections. Candida infection of the mouth is called thrush. The tongue and other areas inside the mouth end up covered with a fluffy white layer of fungus.

Many people mistakenly believe that organisms like fungi and yeast are harmless organisms. However, yeast toxin damage in the body is widespread and can include: hormonal problems to the thyroid, testes, adrenals, and/or ovaries, staph infections, impaired immune response, fatty acid imbalances, decreased absorption and/or metabolism of nutrients, impaired circulation, impaired neurotransmission, and decreased protein metabolism (2).

There are a variety of over-the-counter drugs to help fight Candida infection of the skin, and these are generally safe if used properly. There are also some anti-yeast prescription drugs to fight Candida internally. Miconazole (Monistat) is a popular antifungal cream for vaginal yeast infections. Nystatin is an older drug that is relatively safe, although as mentioned elsewhere in this article, some holistic practitioners believe that, even if it does kill Candida, in the long term it is ineffective at controlling general fungal infections. They speculate that the drug simply forces the yeast strain into a different form (3). It may be that Nystatin does in fact kill specific strains of yeast such as Candida albicans, but it may leave other species of fungus relatively unharmed, and these species then fill the void that albicans left. Fluconazole (Diflucan) is a newer antifungal drug that unfortunately can have liver toxicity and multiple drug interactions as side effects.

Holistic treatment of candidiasis can be complicated, since there are so many variables in the causes and symptoms for this illness. Below are a few helpful tips in combating yeast overgrowth. Citrus fruits such as lemons, limes, oranges, pineapple, and grapefruit may worsen Candida infection in some people. Try eliminating these fruits for a few weeks and then reintroduce them one at a time, to see if you are sensitive to their yeast-promoting character. People with significant intestinal candidiasis may have low levels of stomach acid (4); they should check this with a physician. Finally, when a person uses various therapies described below for controlling yeast infections, they may actually feel worse for a couple of weeks. This may often be due to the yeast being killed off, and their toxins being released into the bloodstream. People who feel worse while starting a yeast-controlling program should continue unless the dead yeast toxin symptoms are intolerable.

To help the immune system and friendly bacteria defeat Candida, sugar intake must be eliminated. This includes fructose (fruit sugar), which some people think is a healthy form of sugar, but it is not. Fructose goes into the same biochemical pathway as sucrose (table sugar). People with candidiasis should also avoid food molds: fermented foods, cheese, mushrooms, and grapes. Even sweetened yogurt should be avoided, since the added sugar in the yogurt outweighs the benefits of the friendly acidophilus bacteria in the yogurt. Unsweetened yogurt is the best form. Unsweetened yogurt may inhibit yeast infections (5). It’s not recommended to apply yogurt in the vagina or other areas where yeast infections are on the skin. A good anti-yeast diet can include: eggs, fish, nuts/seeds, poultry, vegetables, meat, and small amounts of whole grains (1).

There are several different supplements that can help the body keep yeast under control. Iron supplements may help oral candidiasis (mouth and throat infection) (6). Experiments on mice showed that zinc supplementation increased resistance to Candida infection (7). Supplemental digestive enzymes such as chymotrypsin, lactase, pancrelipase, papain, pepsin, and trypsin may be helpful for keeping intestinal Candida in check by the improved digestion of foods. There are also additional methods to help keep yeast in check. Women with vaginitis who ate eight ounces of yogurt containing the friendly probiotic Acidophilus significantly reduced Candida infection (8). Tea tree oil can be used to treat external Candida infections (8). Tea tree oil should never be used internally, either by ingestion or as a vaginal douche. Oregano oil has antifungal activity against Candida (9).

References:

1. Haas, E. Staying Healthy with Nutrition. Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts, 1992.

2. Golan, R. Optimal Wellness. New York, NY: Ballantine Books/Random House, 1995.

3. Burton Goldberg Group. Alternative Medicine: The Definitive Guide. Tiburon, CA: Future Medicine Publishing, Inc., 1997.

4. Werbach, M. Nutritional Influences on Illness, 2nd Ed. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1996.

5. The Healing Power of Vitamins, Minerals, and Herbs. Pleasantville, NY: Reader’s Digest Association, 1999.

6. Fletcher, J., et. al. Mouth Lesions in iron-deficient anemia: relationship to Candida albicans, saliva and to impairment of lymphocyte transformation. Journal of Infectious Diseases (1975) 131: 44-50.

7. Salvin, S., & Rabin, B. Resistance & susceptibility to infection in inbred murine strains. IV. Effects of dietary zinc. Cellular Immunology (1984) 87 (2):546-552.

8. PDR for Nutritional Supplements. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR, 2001.

9. Biondi, D., et. al. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oils from Sicilian aromatic plants. J Flav & Frag (1993) 8(6): 331-337.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/womens-health-articles/yeast-problems-and-diet-1534581.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #1534581)

Business Info

Advertising

Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Copyright © 2005-2011 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

Technorati Tags: Diet, Problems, Yeast

Allergies and Asthma

The immune system is composed of many different organs, cells, and molecules. During an allergic reaction, the white blood cells, including T-helper cells, B-cells (which produce antibodies), and accessory cells, such as macrophages and mast cells, are involved. Antibodies are protein-based structures that bind to allergens, which are also often proteins or protein fragments themselves. The antibody that is the cause of all classic allergic reactions is IgE (Immunoglobulin E). IgE’s normal function is to fight parasites in the human body. This may be a main reason why people in developed countries tend to have more allergies than people in developing countries: the environment of developed countries is relatively parasite-free, and thus “too clean”. One of the emerging theories is that: the IgE antibodies in humans, who live in developed countries, have nothing to fight against except foreign substances in the body, such as pollen, food, and certain drugs.

During the first exposure to an allergen, B-cell bound IgE antibodies that are specific to the allergen bind to it, which then triggers a change in the B-cell to make more IgE antibodies specific to that allergen. Some of these allergen-specific antibodies end up binding to another immune cell called a mast cell, which contains large amounts of the inflammatory hormone histamine. Mast cells are found both in mucous membranes, such as on the mouth and lungs, and also in connective tissue. However, during the first immune reaction, the IgE antibodies will simply bind on the surface of mast cells and sit there, waiting for the second round of allergen to bind to the antibody on its surface. When a second allergen exposure occurs, the immune system is ready for the threat: the allergen will bind to IgE antibody on the mast cells, which then are programmed to release inflammatory molecules, including histamine. Histamine is a main cause of allergic symptoms.

The four common allergic reactions are: food allergies, bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis (eczema), and rhinitis, or hay fever (1); the two main topics in this article will focus on food allergies and bronchial asthma. Only about 1% of Americans have a true food allergy (2), but they can be a serious problem for those who have them. As the Roman Lucretius said in 50 B.C. “What is food to one person may be bitter poison to others”. This saying has later evolved into the more current one: One man’s food is another man’s poison. The most common food allergens are: eggs, wheat, and cow’s milk. Yeast and yeast-containing products, pork, beef, and corn are also common allergens.

Allergy to pork and beef may actually be sensitivity to the inflammatory fats in those foods. There could also often be a sensitivity to additives in the foods above, such as monosodium glutamate (MSG), aspartate and/or phenylalanine (Nutrasweet), nitrates and nitrites, or sulfates and sulfites. In addition some foods and drinks such as strawberries, chocolate and coffee may not be true allergens, but may contain a good amount of the inflammatory hormone histamine. Foods and drinks like those mentioned above may also contain chemicals that trigger histamine release in the body through non-traditional allergic pathways. Interestingly, alcoholism may be linked with food allergies (3). There are several theories for the origins of chemical sensitivity, including: enzyme damage and/or depletion, pollution, immune-system-mediated damage, yeast overgrowth (candidiasis), chronic inflammation, carbon monoxide poisoning, and sensitization of key parts of the nervous system (4).

Allergies may also be worsened by incomplete digestion of food, particularly protein. Normally, proteins are digested in the stomach into very small chains of amino acids, which are further degraded into individual amino acids in the small intestine. The amino acids are then absorbed in to the bloodstream. The immune system does not react against individual amino acids. In fact, the smallest amino acid chain (called a peptide) that can be recognized by an antibody are three linked amino acids. However, incomplete digestion in the stomach and small intestine may not be able to break down all proteins into individual amino acids. If there is any “leakiness” in the wall of the small intestine, some of the small peptides could enter the bloodstream later. Since the immune system is not trained to recognize these food peptides as harmless, it may initiate an allergic reaction against them. The above sequence of events is termed the “leaky gut syndrome” by holistic practitioners. Yeast may also contribute to leaky gut syndrome, since they can assume a mycelium form that can branch out into the intestinal walls (4).

If you suspect a food allergy, you can test for it at home. Take your resting pulse before a meal by putting your index and middle finger on the side of your other wrist. Look at a clock and count the pulse beats in one minute. Eat a small portion of the suspected food, wait twenty minutes, then take your pulse again for one minute. If your resting pulse has rose more than ten beats per minute, you are probably allergic to at least one of the ingredients in your last meal. Food allergy testing can also be done by eliminating a suspect food for several days or weeks, then reintroducing the food and observing any reactions. This technique is relatively safe, but may take a long time to complete, since only one type of food at a time can be reintroduced. A food rotation diet can also be tried, where foods that cause only mild to moderate reactions are eaten only once every 3-4 days. This allows the body and the immune system to recover somewhat between offending foods. I personally do not food rotation diets, unless the person has too restricted of a diet and must eat some allergenic foods.

Technologically speaking, conventional allergy testing is in many ways still in the stone age. The two main types of allergy tests are the skin test and the blood test. Skin tests may be more accurate than blood tests. However, a control for the skin test is often phenol, which is a highly toxic and carcinogenic chemical. Inhalation tests with the irritant Methacholine can determine how reactive a person’s airways are. Not only can this chemical induce asthma and related breathing problems, it can also be fatal. Some conventional allergy treatments can also be dangerous. Desensitization treatments involve either oral or injected allergens to hopefully produce a tolerance to the allergen. Unfortunately, desensitization therapy has also caused fatalities.

There are many different nutrients that can help relieve allergies and asthma. Vitamin C indirectly inhibits mast cells from releasing histamine (5). The bioflavonoid quercetin has antihistamine activity, but it is not easily absorbed (6). A magnesium deficiency can aggravate allergies (6). Unfortunately, many allergy medications lower magnesium levels (7). Some nutritionists and doctors believe that taking vitamin B3 (niacin) is useful for people with allergies. Niacin releases histamine, often causing a reddened facial flush soon after the vitamin is ingested. Repeated dosing with niacin may eventually lower the body’s stores of histamine. In theory, this may then lower the intensity of any allergic reaction in the future (3). The above natural therapies have obvious advantages over many of the synthetic antihistamines on the market, such as Benadryl. One study found that driving after taking the first-generation antihistamine Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) can cause impairment equivalent to driving drunk (2).

There is a theory of cerebral allergies, in which allergens cross the blood-brain barrier. The resulting allergic reactions can such symptoms such as: headache, anxiety, dizziness, and depression (3). Since children do not have a completely formed blood-brain barrier, they may be particularly susceptible to cerebral allergies. This may lead to behavioral problems and inability to cope with stress (8). In fact, one of the most important things a person with allergies can do is avoid stress. Stress itself can cause the internal release of histamine (9).

Many inhaled allergens cause symptoms of coughing, difficulty breathing, and wheezing. These are symptoms of bronchial asthma. Asthma is

Technorati Tags: Allergies, Asthma

Angela Sloan earned her career training diploma from the Ashworth College Forensic Science Program. We’re honored to have incredible students like Angela complete their online education and career training through Ashworth College. Congratulations Angela! www.ashworthcollege.edu
Video Rating: 5 / 5

Technorati Tags: College, Forensic, Science, TrainingAshworth

Fibromyalgia Symptom Treatment Priorities

If patients could determine how symptoms might relate to one another, doctors might do a better job of individualizing care for people with fibromyalgia. For example, if pain is your number one treatment priority, what are the odds that you will want your physician to address issues related to sleep, fatigue, cognition, mood, or physical function? Also, are there any symptoms that tend to go hand in hand with one another (e.g., cluster together)? These are the types of questions that a recent study attempted to answer. *

“The presence and severity of a particular symptom may not necessarily equate with patients’ preferences for its treatment,” write the authors Robert M. Bennett, M.D., of Oregon Health and Sciences University, and I. Jon Russell, M.D., Ph.D., of the University of Texas at San Antonio. So this new study took a different approach. More than 750 fibromyalgia patients enrolled in a multi-center treatment trial for Lyrica agreed to also rank the top five symptoms (from a list of 20) that they would like to have treated. The list of 20 symptoms was developed by a previous research study involving fibromyalgia patient focus groups who were asked to describe their most relevant clinical features or symptoms.

Due to the large number of patients involved in this study, the researchers were able to apply statistical programs that mathematically determined which symptoms were most likely to cluster together. As a result, six cluster categories were identified: pain, fatigue, domestic, impairment, affective (mood-related), and social. Each individual cluster group and specific clinical features that tended to occur most related to one another (out of the 20) are shown in the table. As you will note, symptoms in the pain cluster were endorsed by the patients almost as frequently as those in the fatigue category (they differ by only 1 percent).

Symptom Treatment Priorities
… in order of selection frequency

Pain (90%)

Disturbed sleep
Pain or discomfort
Skin is sensitive to touch
Difficulty walking

Fatigue (89%)

Feeling tired
Difficulty thinking
Having to push yourself to do things
Having a lack of energy

Domestic (42%)

Difficulty being sexually intimate with your partner
Being unable to make plans with the confidence that you will follow-through
Strain on your relationship with spouse
Impact on your family

Impairment (29%)

Driving limitations
Interference with work or school
Interference with daily tasks

Mood-related or “Affective” (21%)

Feeling anxious
Feeling isolated
Feeling depressed

Social (9%)

Impact on your social life
Feeling like the pace of your life is slower than most other people

If you are wondering why disturbed sleep is in the pain rather than fatigue cluster, this is because the statistical analysis found pain and sleep to be more closely related. A patient who endorsed “disturbed sleep” was found to be 2.4 times more likely to also have endorsed “pain or discomfort” in their top five symptom treatment priorities.

“While pain and sleep have been suggested to have a reciprocal relationship in chronic pain conditions including fibromyalgia,” write the authors, “our results raise the question as to whether pain causes disturbed sleep or pain is a result of disturbed sleep.” Yet, difficulty thinking or fibro-fog clustered with symptoms of fatigue when it came to patients ranking their treatment priorities. In other words, a person wanting their fatigue to be treated was also more likely to request that attention be given to their fibro-fog.

Although the symptoms contained in the pain and fatigue clustered were virtually equal in terms of treatment priority for the group of 750 fibromyalgia patients, this was not the case for the other symptoms. “The psychosocial clusters were not considered to be as high a priority,” write Bennett and Russell, adding that greater than 70 percent of the patients did not even rank the symptoms listed for these categories in their top five treatment priorities.

The many symptoms of fibromyalgia can certainly complicate the treatment of people with this disease and it would be beneficial for doctors (and their patients) if they could subgroup each patient according to how they rank the treatment of symptoms. As illustrated by this study, patients who want their pain treated will also probably want their physician to help with improving sleep. Patients who rank fatigue as the top symptom that they want treated will probably also want their fibro-fog addressed.

“Understanding the full complexity of the clinical features of fibromyalgia is becoming increasingly important with the availability of newer pharmacologic therapies that have significant effects on pain and other clinical features, such as sleep (Lyrica and Xyrem), affective symptoms (Cymbalta), and fatigue/fibro-fog (Savella),” write Bennett and Russell. As more studies like this one become published, the next step will be apply multi-drug therapies to target specific symptom clusters to determine how well subgrouping patients can improve their overall care.

* Bennett RM, et al. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 11:134-143, 2010.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/diseases-and-conditions-articles/fibromyalgia-symptom-treatment-priorities-2934295.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #2934295)

Business Info

Advertising

Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Copyright © 2005-2010 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

Technorati Tags: Fibromyalgia, Priorities, Symptom, Treatment

Discover Your Career Opportunities in Bioengineering

Bioengineering applies engineering principles to the full spectrum of living systems. This is achieved by utilizing existing methodologies in such fields as Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Pharmacology, Cytology, Immunology and Neuroscience and applies them to the design of medical devices, diagnostic equipment, biocompatible materials, and other important medical needs. The major advances in bioengineering include the development of Artificial Joints, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), the heart pacemaker, arthroscopy, angioplasty, bioengineered skin, kidney dialysis, and the heart-lung machine.

Job Functions – Bioengineering:
Being a Bio-medical Engineer is a great opportunity to impact humanity and protect its health and also to improve the quality of life. According to the US department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment for Biomedical Engineers is expected to increase faster than the average of all the other occupations by 2012. Thus, if you are considering your career in bioengineering field, you definitely are in the right career path.

Specialized Programs in Bioengineering:
Bioengineering develops the devices and procedures that solve medical and health-related problems. Students inclined to Bioengineering can choose a specialized program among various specialized fields. It includes:

Bioinstrumentation: It is the application of electronics, measurement principles and techniques to develop devices used in diagnosis and treatment of disease. The advanced technology in computing plays an important role in bioinstrumentation. Biomechanics: It is the study of mechanical parameters that drives living system motion. The biomechanics experts contribute in the development of human organs such as, artificial heart and replacement heart’s valves, the artificial kidney and the artificial hip. Clinical Engineering: It is the application of technology for health care in hospitals. The clinical engineers work along with other medical team to adapt instrumentation to the specific needs of the hospital. This often involves the interface of instruments with computer systems and customized software for instrument control and data analysis. Rehabilitation Engineering: It is a new and growing specialty area of biomedical engineering. It involves the design and application of devices to restore function to the physically disabled. They are involved in: communication enhancement for hearing and speech, wheelchairs and wheeled mobility, prosthetics, technologies for orthopedic and spinal cord injury.

Bioengineering is a discipline that integrates the engineering sciences with the life sciences to improve human health. Employment of biomedical engineer is expected to boom in next 5 years in line with the demand for more sophisticated medical equipment. The increase concerns on cost efficiency and effectiveness will also boost demand for biomedical engineers. Hence, bioengineering is a great career path for you if you interest in this field.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/career-management-articles/discover-your-career-opportunities-in-bioengineering-916341.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #916341)

Business Info
Advertising

Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Copyright © 2005-2010 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

Technorati Tags: Bioengineering, Career, Discover, Opportunities

Bioinformatics/Biostatistics Jobs In Leading Organizations

There are many groups that belong to the major pharmaceutical clients who have a vision to play an important role in the development of personalized medicine. They facilitate the combination of therapeutics with diagnostics and thus improve the applications of biomarkers in drug discovery and development in cancer, cardiovascular & central nervous system.

Currently a large number of companies with varying technical backgrounds are involved in biomarkers and a massive growth of these markets are estimated from 2008 to 2018 in drug discovery, clinical trials, and bioinformatics. Your aspiration to become a part of Biostatistics would definitely come true with hard work, intensive study, intelligence and analytical synthesis at various levels in Oncology Biomarker Group.

As a key member of the Bioinformatics biostatistics group your scope of involvement will be broad, like mentoring junior Biomarker Analysts, follow timeliness and adequate quality of all deliverables for assigned trials and provide expertise in statistics, data mining and bioinformatics and their applications to clinical trials.

The number of people looking forward for a good career as a biostaticians is increasing vastly; this is because of the awareness that the job opportunities are good with best pay scale. Choosing such stream is really worthy and helps to fly high in the career with in a short span of time. The opportunities for biostaticians are very good all around the world, one can get their desired job without any risk just by applying their efforts in a proper and planned way. Wish you success in all your endeavors.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/recruitment-articles/bioinformaticsbiostatistics-jobs-in-leading-organizations-2821331.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #2821331)

Business Info

Advertising

Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Copyright © 2005-2010 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

Technorati Tags: Bioinformatics/Biostatistics, Jobs., Leading, Organizations

What is Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is a discipline which combines computer technology and biology to handle the immense biological data, mainly genetic information which has been produced over the years.  It involves creating, managing and updating the databases which are warehouse of the biological information and the development of the tools used for analyzing and using this data. The information so gathered is then used for the discovery and development of gene based drugs. In 1978, the term bioinformatics was given by Paulien Hogeweg.

Bioinformatics provides a platform for two very divergent disciplines to come together and complement each other for a common purpose of locating, deciphering and studying the genome as a whole and not in bits and pieces. The scientists from the two fields who are a part of this discipline don’t always understand the other’s views and scope but they share the above stated common goal. In fact, by the application of the various technologies for gathering and analyzing data, they are deciphering more genetic codes than they had ever hoped for.

When the first genetic code was cracked, it paved the path for the mindboggling boom in molecular biology.  However the work involved was very slow and cumbersome as the scientists could work on only one particular part or piece of the genetic code at a time and not the entire genome. Therefore, even after so much of work, they couldn’t get the entire picture. However with the help of bioinformatics, they came up with software which were very specific in what they did and  could be used to do the same work quickly and with great accuracy. Bioinformatics combines the deeper understanding of various biological processes with specific programs which have excellent data mining and retrieval qualities.

A bioinformatician can’t be a person belonging to only one either the field of biology or computer technology, he needs have a fair amount of knowledge about both the disciplines. Only then will he be able to understand how to apply these programs and software to obtain and decipher the biological data he requires and what it means. If he is working on a hypothesis about the presence of a particular genetic pattern in a genome, he needs to have an understanding of the genome sequences and patterns. So that when he enter a sequence into the program and searches for a particular pattern or trend, he can retrieve it and see if it is present somewhere else in the same genome or another genome to find relativity.

For a person who is a computer whiz and can retrieve data form anywhere, to be successful in the bioinformatics field, he will have to have an understanding of molecular biology and chemistry. This will help him relate to his other coworkers in the same field. The bases of bioinformatics are the genes and the codes that they carry. A deeper insight  of the DNA, RNA and the translation of the genetic code into proteins is the focal area of most the work and research in this discipline.

From www.ehrtv.com – Michael Tranchina speaks with Amy King, Vice President of Health IT Programs at Northrop Grumman. Ms. King discusses Northrop Grummans broad footprint in Health IT, as its work extends from public health data collection, monitoring and reporting to benefits management in local, state, and federal sectors. Ms. King and Michael Tranchina talk about Northrop Grummans rules-based eligibility system, bioinformatics work, and public health collaborations with the CDC. Ms. King closes the discussion by stating Northrop Grumman is committed to its customers and to helping the nation move forward with its Health IT agenda.
Video Rating: 0 / 5

Technorati Tags: bioinformatics

Study For A Forensic Science Degree Online

Television programs like Cold Case Files and CSI have prompted an increase in the publics fascination with forensic science. What is not generally known, however, is that forensic science is a field that involves much more than is shown on television. Everyone knows that forensic scientists work in an area of law and are responsible for examining evidence to solve crimes. But they do more than work in labs, testing samples of DNA. Forensic scientists also visit crime scenes, study the crime locations, and are witnesses in court cases.

Sometimes, these scientists can make mistakes if they dont follow established procedures, which include keeping exact files on the evidence in a case. In some cases, these mistakes can have a negative impact on innocent lives. Several individuals have been sentenced to death on the basis of expert forensic evidence and testimony. Later on, it was discovered that these people were innocent, and the real criminals were apprehended. In these cases, science save an innocent life, and the courts could provide justice. Recently, over eleven individuals were released from a Chicago jail after new forensic evidence showed they were innocent. These people had already spent years in jail as a result of mistakes made in the legal system.

You can get a degree in forensic science online in just a few years. To earn a degree, you need to have a previous degree in biology, physics, chemistry, or physical science in order to register. Some online colleges require a minimum of a bachelors degree in one of these subjects before you can begin courses in forensic science. If you want to find a degree program in this field you should consult organizations such as the American Board of Criminalistic-ABC, American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors-ASCLD, National Forensic Science Tech Center-NSFTC, International Association of Forensic Science, and International Association for Identification-IAI and International Society for Forensic Genetics, and International Association for Identification-IAI and International Society for Forensic Genetics.

Degrees in forensic science may cover budget analysis, forensic accounting, working in a morgue or hospital, studying DNA, or working with computers. There are many areas in which you can work after getting a forensic science degree. Computer forensics involves investigations of evidence by tracking information via computer technology. It is a new field, but expertise in this area increases daily. Computer forensics involves extracting data from various media and presenting the evidence collected to the courts. This field uses extensive software programs and applications. The FBI, CIA, and other law enforcement agencies use forensic science with computers to resolve their cases.

An online forensics degree requires more work and specific background education than other online degrees, but if you want an exciting career with many opportunities and a chance to make a difference, do not let this keep you from pursuing on online degree in forensic science.

Related Forensic Science Career Articles

Technorati Tags: Degree, Forensic, Online, Science, Study

Bioinformatics, Bio-medicine and Gene Manipulation in Drug Development and Future Medical Care

Dr.T.V.Rao, MD

Bioinformatics is an emerging science which brings together the fields of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Bio Technology and Genetics under the fold of computers and Software Advances in Computer Technology. Thanks to James Watson – Crick in basic understanding of the Bacterial DNA (genome). The coding of Chromosomes through the Super Computers; Databases and Software Technology perfecting the code of life, now Bioinformatics has become a big enterprise. Research reports, from all round the world (300 Laboratories) presented recently during a major genome conference at Cold spring harbor laboratory showed clearly that an exciting technology is born. We doctors in the past looking the problems of life and disease through clinical medicine, few laboratory tests and other technical advances. The Bioinformatics is changing the entire concept, in future we may be compelled to view life and disease through the Chemistry of Genes. The facts about the human genome project were made public on the Internet by US department of energy and National Institute of Health, making the approach easier to any scientist or Doctor to learn the genomic science to utmost detail.

1. Basic findings of Genome Project: a) Basis of life is equal between two individuals upto 99.9% extent, secret of difference lies in only 0.1%, contributing to our individuality. b) There are approximately 30,000 Genes. c) Genetic Mutations are common in males, so men are agents of change. d) so Genetic diseases are common in men.

2. Computer Speaks (Bio information): With feeding of complicated information to a computer, it speaks that life is a pack of information with a clear message that book of the life written in the complex DNA consisting of four letters. A.T.G.C.

A = Adenine; T =Thymine; G = Guanine; C = Cytosine.

At present we have > 85% of information on 23 pairs of Human Chromosomes. In future science expects that Physician can solve many mysteries of disease just looking into a computer and the greatest advantage lies in detection of most of the Genetic disorders. In future many diagnostic tests may be done by Bioinformed computers, the chip locating abnormal base pairs at different gene locations. Now in many Nations scientific organizations of repute are on a path to Bioinformatics with aim to make the recent science available to many.

3. Bioinformatics and Gene Therapy: Gene therapy suffered with many problems in the past will have a greater revival with better understanding of human genome. Many gene therapy trails will become virtual realities.

4. Bioinformatics and Proteomics: The knowledge of information about the Genes and Science of Genomics lead to science of proteomics To catalogue and analyse every protein in human system. The science of proteomics (Structural Genomics) will revolutionise the understanding of Hormones, Immunoglobulins targeting infections and Enzymes that build or break down energy reserves. We are aware now, that there are too, many proteins which guide our life (50,000 to about 2 millions). But few Proteins play the real orchestra, modifying different actions. Already many Bio Technology firms have started proteomics programme, if the events succeed to desired expectations there will be better quality of life serving to minute details.

5. Human Genome Project – Drugs of Future: At present we use certain drugs with a broad understanding to target only 500 proteins in the body, out of the 30,000 proteins already known to us. Because of the better understanding of Genome, Scientists have a good understanding on what happens if drug acting down to molecular level. Till now many drugs are experimented on trial and error basis mainly intervening at the level of signs and symptoms, and few at cellular levels.

With advances in Genomic Medicine there will be more rational approach in drug discovery and clinical application. In future it is possible to target the diseases like Diabetes and Cancer before the onset of physical disease (phenotypic expression). The scientific visions include interfering with the sick cell, sparing the healthy cells, making the therapy least toxic and harmful. The discovery in this direction lead to discovery of Monoclonal antibodies, choosing the particular receptor on the cancer cell responsible for propagation of disease. Already 12 such drugs are available in developed countries prominent being Herceptin, if blocks the HE-2/neu receptor, which is prominent on some breast cancer cells. Tepper’s group is on the way to find a Monoclonal which can block the common receptor for cancers like breast, prostate, lung and colon to create a super drug for many cancers. With better understanding on Bioinformatics Anti Cancer Drug discoveries will be target oriented with least toxic effects.

6. Genomic Based Drug Discovery: Alfred Gilman, a pharmacologist and winner of 1994 noble prize for his work on Cellular Signaling Mechanism, is now working with goal to trace the map of chemical pathways in the cells and use the knowledge to create virtual cell with all the pathways in a computer. Now the drug companies are using the Bioinformatics algorithms to predict the functions of proteins encoded by newly discovered genes. Many drugs discovers are moving to fast growing new area of Computer Science to fuel their endless quest for newer drugs and better targets.

7. Major Diseases on the List of Pharmaceutical Industry

The following diseases are being targeted by many drug firms with Bioinformatics include: AIDS, Mental Illnesses, Auto Immune Disease, Obesity, Alzheimer ’s disease, Heart Disease and Parkinson’s Disease.

From Experiments to Reality

The sequence of events from Discovery of Noble Laureate Joshua Lederberg (1958) on exchange of DNA within such chromosome pairs leads to process of homology recombination expressing in Genetic variation in the population. The present events of discovery by Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies applied the homology recombination in mammalian cell. The homologues recombination could take place between introduced DNA the cell Chromosome may even repair with the help of induced genes and awarded the Nobel Prize in 2007. The present study by them has targeted role of Genes involved in Mammalian organ development. Several human inborn errors an be targeted in events of malformation. If the future experiments are successful mouse models will be used for gene targeting The art of Medicine will be enriched with biology as source of future developments in Medicine.

Changing Role of Biology on Medicine: We are understanding more of Genes and inheretence.The quest to discover disease linked genes reaches all time high. Now it is understood the 3 million DNA bases in the Human genome have identified that about only one tenth, of one percent (Million) differ from one person to another. Variation in these particular letters called SNIPS or SNP’s, for single nucleotide polymorphisms have replaced genes as unit of heredity.

Role of Bioinformatics and Bio-Medicine on the Medical Profession: In the near future, every standard text book on Medicine, articles, journals published from reputed medical institutions emphasize the origin of disease on Genetic basis locating, few base pairs of Genes responsible for any complicated disease. The treatment approaches will be on targets of pathological process rather than vague remedies. We teachers in medicine should concentrate in understanding the role of Genes in disease and spread the message to our students. Let us learn to understand many diseases have a genetic basis and unlock the problem with a right key. Let there be more workshops, CME’s & Seminars on orientation of Bioinformatics and Biomedicine to our Doctors, so that we do not remain as Apes in front of a Bioinformed Computer.

Technorati Tags: bioinformatics, Biomedicine, Care, Development, Drug, Future, Gene, Manipulation, Medical

Strengthening the Immune System

The immune system is an amazing collection of cells, proteins, and organs in the body. It is responsible for protecting us against infection by outside organisms, as well as toxins and certain other substances. All parts of the immune system need to work together for optimal defense against outside invaders. When parts of the immune system are compromise or damaged, illness can and will result. When microorganism invaders enter the body, they will soon be recognized by general immune cells that send signals to more specialized immune cells. The general immune cells also release chemicals that dilate blood vessels in order to help the more specialized immune cells enter the infected area. This is why there is usually swelling and redness (inflammation) during an infection. The immune system also can help the body in other ways, including fighting certain cancers.

One of the main invaders of the body are the viruses. Most viral infections usually last one or two weeks, during which time the immune system is successfully fighting the invading viruses. After the infection, the certain special immune cells, called memory cells, remember certain characteristics of the virus, so that the next time the virus invades the body, the rest of the immune system will be more than ready to fight it. This is called building immunity to a particular invading organism, and it is also the basis for most vaccines. The average vaccine has either parts of a virus or bacterium, or the whole killed microorganism, that is injected into a person. If everything goes well, the person injected (inoculated) will mount a small immune response against the components of the vaccine. If they ever encounter the real microorganism in the outside world, their immune systems will then be ready to destroy the invader before the person becomes seriously ill.

Unfortunately, some viruses constantly change their outside coating (capsid), in order to help them evade the immune system. The viruses that cause the common cold and flu both use this “chameleon” mechanism to frustrate our immune systems. This is why a vaccine against the common cold cannot be made, and the current vaccines against influenza may not work, depending on what flu strain is most active that season. In addition, some viruses combine their DNA into the person’s own DNA, thus staying with the person for life. The virus may lay dormant for years or even decades before coming out again and challenging our immune systems. Examples of viruses that integrate into our own DNA include the herpies virus family and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are also other ways for microorganisms to fool the immune system. Certain bacteria and small parasites can hide in some areas of the body, escaping immune detection, where they multiply and prepare to come out and do battle later with our immune systems. Antibiotics and other drugs may have to be used to deal with these crafty invaders.

However, there is more to the immune system than simply fighting invading organisms from outside the body. The underlying basis of the immune system is that the immune cells are able to distinguish your body from foreign substances, such as chemicals or invading organisms. This is also called distinguishing self from nonself. Sometimes this recognition breaks down, and someone’s immune system ends up thinking certain molecules and tissues of the person are foreign and it attempts to destroy them. This is termed autoimmune disease. Also, some immune system may mistake otherwise innocent substances, like foods, pollen, animal dander, etc. as a threat, and mounts an immune response against them. This is the basis for allergic reactions to otherwise harmless substances in our environment. Another factor that can disrupt the immune system is stress. Stress causes the release of a steroid hormone called cortisol, which suppresses the immune system. A suppressed immune system is an invitation for infection by other organisms.

As mentioned above, the immune system can attack its own body, or it could also not respond to foreign substances and invaders. Why is this? There is a very broad spectrum of immune function as pertains to proper and improper immune response. At one end of the spectrum are immune systems that are overstimulated, which can contribute to diseases like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Another condition in which the immune system is overstimulated is asthma. Severe, life-threatening allergic reactions are also a condion of immune system overstimulation. Not quite so overstimulated are immune-based mild to moderate allergies and sensitivities, like hayfever and sensitivity to cigarette smoke. A normal immune system is not over- or understimulated (immunosuppressed or immunodepressed). It handles both internal and external substances correctly, accurately identifying what is harmless and what is harmful.

On the other side of the spectrum is understimulation, as mentioned above. Understimulated, or immunodepressed, immune systems cannot fight many infections properly. At the extreme of this scale would be the Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Somewhat less immunodepression occurs with otherwise normal people who are on immunodepressive drugs like corticosteroids. Mildly immunodepressed immune systems are very common, and a good example would be people under constant environmental stress. This constant stress will often elevate naturally-produced steroid hormones, such as cortisol, which is a well-known immunodepressant. Below are examples of certain foods and supplements that can affect the immune system in various ways.

Immune stimulating factors: beta-carotene (1), vitamin A (under 25,000 IU/day) (2), manganese (3), L-taurine (4), moderate doses of selenium (under 200 ug/day) (5), and coenzyme Q10 (6).

Immune modulating (moderating) factors: vitamin C (5), beta-carotene (2),fish oil and fish oil combined with a low-fat diet (7), moderate amounts of dietary protein (8), and L-arginine (9).

Immune depressing factors: alcohol (6), high fat diet (10), vitamin E intakes over 600 IU/day (11), low dietary intake of iron (8), excess intake of selenium (over 200 ug/day) (10), excessive zinc intake (100 mg/day or more) (12), L-glutamine deficiency (13), vitamin A deficiency (14), vitamin B1 deficiency (14), vitamin E deficiency (14), zinc deficiency (14), magnesium deficiency (14), folic acid deficiency (15), riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency (15), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) deficiency (15), vitamin B6 deficiency (16), vitamin B12 deficiency (8), vitamin C deficiency (2), vitamin D deficiency (17), and iodine deficiency (2).

Some supplements deserve further mention for their beneficial effects on the immune system. Fish oil has potent anti-inflammatory effects. In one study, supplementation of at least 1.8 grams of fish oil per day for six weeks resulted in a 37% reduction of a major inflammatory molecule, arachidonic acid. The authors of the study suggest that certain immune cells called neutrophils are responsible for the reduction of arachidonic acid levels (18). Vitamin E supplementation of 200 IU/day appears to be the ideal dose for immune system health (19). As mentioned elsewhere in this article, megadosing of vitamin E at 600 IU/day or more may suppress the immune system (11). In one study, elderly hospital patients that supplemented with vitamins A, C and E for four weeks showed immune system improvement (20).

Below are a few general tips on strengthening immune function, and also some advice about certain supplements that affect the immune system. Always drink purified water or spring water. Do not drink distilled water for more then a few months at a time—it leaches out both good and bad minerals from the body and should only be used as a temporary detoxification therapy. Eat only organically grown, pesticide and antibiotic-free meats, grains, fruits, and vegetables. Fish oil and vitamin E should not be used with blood thinners such as aspirin, NSAIDs (ex. Ibuprofen), and warfarin (Coumadin). Iron supplements should not be used in people with liver problems.

References:

1. Hughes, D., et. al. The effect of beta-carotene supplementation on the immune function of blood monocytes from healthy male non-smokers. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine (1997) Mar, 129(3): 309-317.

2. Chandra, R. Nutrition and immunity – basic considerations. Part I. Contemporary Issues in Clinical Nutrition (1986) 11:11.

3. Smialowicz, R., et. al. Manganese chloride enhances natural cell-mediated immune effector cell function: effects of macrophages. Immunopharmacology (1985) 9: 1-11.

4. Masuda, M., et. al. Influences of taurine on functions of rat neutrophils. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology (1984) 3491): 116-118.

5. PDR for Nutritional Supplements. Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR, 2001.

6. Golan, R. Optimal Wellness. New York, NY: Ballantine Books/Random House, 1995.

7. Meydani, S., et. al. Effect of low-fat, low cholesterol (LF-FCHL) diet enriched with N-3 fatty acids (FA) on the immune response of humans. FASEB Journal (1991) 5:1449A.

8. Levy, J. Nutrition and the immune system. In: Basic and Clinical Immunology, 4th ed. Los Altos, CA: Lange Medical Publications, 1982.

9. Daly, J., et. al. Immune and metabolic effects of arginine in the surgical patient. Annals of Surgery (1988) 208(4): 512.

10. Werbach, M. Nutritional Influences on Illness, 2nd Ed. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1996.

11. Prasad, J. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on leukocyte function. American Journal of

Technorati Tags: Immune, Strengthening, System

The Role of Histamine in Mental Illness and its Attenuation with Vitamin C – Part III

Chapter 5: Conclusions, Implications and Recommendations for Further Research

Conclusions and Implications:

The role of histamine in mental illness has been theorized about for several decades, but both the conventional and alternative medical fields have been very slow to respect histamine’s influence in mental health. In addition, the vast majority of conventional and alternative practitioners do not realize that vitamin C has potent antihistamine effects, which can be beneficial in both physical and mental health. Conventional medicine uses pharmaceutical antihistamines to treat histamine-related physical complaints, and sometimes mental ones as well. As mentioned earlier, pharmaceutical antihistamines have several side effects, including many that worsen mental health. It is lamentable that the vast majority of alternative practitioners are ignorant of vitamin C’s antihistamine effects. It is the purpose of this dissertation to convey vitamin C’s antihistamine effects, especially as it pertains to treating various forms of mental illness.

The evidence for vitamin C’s positive impact on mental health is compelling. Vitamin C can act as a mild antidepressant via boosting cAMP levels. Low cAMP levels are associated with depression. Vitamin C also helps produce norepinephrine, which, like cAMP, is often low in depression. In fact, cAMP is downstream of the norepinephrine pathway, which is the pathway that many pharmaceutical antidepressants use to boost mood. Vitamin C also hydroxylates dopamine to help form norepinephrine (Goodman, et al., 1996).

Vitamin C, when used in large doses, can potentially reduce anxiety (Balch & Balch, 1997). As mentioned previously, the brain constantly strives to keep the vitamin C levels constant, no matter how low the levels are in the rest of the body. So, the question arises: how can low or high vitamin C levels affect mental health, assuming that it is at a constant concentration in the brain? A plausible explanation is the following: the total vitamin C pool in the body may become more oxidized than reduced. Recall that only oxidized vitamin C enters the brain, where it is then reduced. If there are not sufficient reducing agents in the brain, then the vitamin C will remain oxidized, and therefore most of its properties rendered useless. Reduced vitamin C modulates dopamine levels in the brain, and can thus act as a natural antipsychotic by lowering high dopamine levels. It also helps secrete oxytocin, a pleasure hormone, thus improving mood. As mentioned previously, “ascorbate promotes myelin formation” (Rice, 2000, p. 214). Vitamin C also inhibits release of the stress hormone cortisol, which in excess for prolonged periods can precipitate depression. It also helps protect the brain from drug-induced neurotoxicity, presumably by its antioxidant effects.

However, by far the most important positive effect on mental health that vitamin C has is its antihistamine effect. This is because, as mentioned before, histamine has several detrimental effects on mental health. Administration of histamine into animal brains reinforced fear memory (Blandina, et al., 2004). It is well known that histamine plays a major role in allergic reactions, and allergic people are significantly more likely to suffer from depression (Firshein, 1996; Ossofsky, 1976). Histamine itself can directly cause behavioral depression (Arrigo-Reina & Chiechio, 1998).

As mentioned previously, histamine either directly or indirectly influences all other major neurotransmitters, often via inhibition of neurotransmitter release (Brown, Stevens, & Haas, 2001), thus theoretically causing anxiety, depression, or both. The anxiety may be caused by histamine’s inhibition of GABA, which slows nerve transmission. The depression may be caused by inhibition of the ‘antidepressant’ neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine. However, histamine can also release norepinephrine (Bugajski, 1984), thus potentially causing anxiety or mania. Stress often releases histamine, which in turn will help release the HPA axis stress hormones. It is known that chronic HPA activation is associated with depression and brain alterations. There is also evidence that histamine activates the calcium pathway more than the DAG pathway (Sarri, Picatoste, & Claro, 1995). There is abundant evidence that the DAG pathway is antidepressant-like, and the calcium pathway may cause depression.

Besides its antihistamine effect, there are multiple sources of evidence to suggest that humans should supplement with vitamin C. Dr. Linus Pauling, a two-time Nobel Prize winner, believes that adult humans need between two to nine grams of vitamin C daily (Haas, 1992). Animals who can synthesize vitamin C do so at 45-300 times the adult human RDA, which is about 0.9 mg/kg/day (60-90 mg/day) (Levine, 1985). For a 150 pound human, this would extrapolate to about 12 grams per day, if humans synthesized their own vitamin C. Vitamin C blood and tissue levels decline with age (Lieberman & Bruning, 1997), which is an additional reason to supplement. If vitamin C is taken as a supplement, then other supplementation should be considered, since vitamin C needs calcium, magnesium, and bioflavonoids to help its own assimilation (Balch & Balch, 1997).

Recommendations for Further Research:

Since vitamin C and histamine are involved in both physical and mental processes, this leads to the question of psychosomatic issues with both molecules. Recall that both molecules are also involved in the immune response and pro- or anti-allergic responses. There are three possible links between psychic state and somatic allergy. First is that allergies are produced by psychological stress. Second is that psychological stress is produced by allergies. Third is that allergic exposure can produce both psychic and somatic responses. This third link has been proven in a double-blind study (King, 1981). As mentioned earlier, allergy-mediated histamine release is associated with various mental reactions.

There have been various theories on the molecular basis of mental illness for several decades. The first theory is called the monoamine theory, formed in the 1950’s and 1960’s. It proposes that abnormal brain function is directly dependent on fluctuating monoamine levels (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA). Interestingly, histamine was not included in the original monoamine theory, probably due to the lack of research at the time regarding its mental health effects. At that time, doctors would most often give only antidepressants to depressed patients, and benzodiazepins (ex. Xanax, Valium) to anxious people. The second theory is the comorbid theory, which dominated psychiatric philosophy in the 1990’s. It was formed after the realization that drugs such as Prozac could singlehandedly reduce both depression and anxiety. The third is the subsyndromal theory, which evolved from the discovery that the vast majority of anxious people have some depression, and vice versa. The philosophy of the subsyndromal theory is basically in-between the monoamine and comorbid theories.

The discovery that histamine can inhibit all other major neurotransmitters suggests taking another look at the original monoamine hypothesis of mental illness. It is known that dopamine tends to be high in psychosis, norepinephrine high in mania, and serotonin low in depression. It could be postulated that psychotics have a dopaminergic-dominated neurotransmitter system, bipolars a norepinephrine-dominated neurotransmitter system, and depressives a serotonin-dominated neurotransmitter system. The fourth major monoamine, histamine, may very well be dominant in atopic (allergic) people. People with histaminergic-dominant neurotransmitter systems could have a very wide variety of mental illnesses, since histamine affects the release of all major neurotransmitters. The biochemical characterization of the histaminergic person may therefore be of interest to practitioners in order to help that person physically and mentally. This characterization leads to the topic of metabolic typing, described below.

In the emerging nutritional science of metabolic typing, people are asked a series of questions to determine what type of biochemistry they have. Some people are slow oxidizers and tend to be sympathetic nervous system dominants. Those people do better on carbohydrates. Others are fast oxidizers and tend to be parasympathetic nervous system dominants. These people do better with more fat and protein in their diet. Too many carbohydrates for a fast oxidizer can bring a lot of physical and mental problems. Since histamine is a stimulatory molecule, it may hasten oxidation, and histaminergic types may want to consider limiting carbohydrates.

There is some evidence to suggest that histamine is involved in creating the parasympathetic dominant biochemistry in a person. The parasympathetic branch of the CNS is responsible for decreased heart rate and increased digestive secretions, both of which are also caused by histamine release. Also, physical tendencies of parasympathetic dominants include allergies and excessive appetite (Wolcott & Fahey, 2002). Histamine is a major cause of allergies and its stimulatory effect on digestion can result in excessive appetite.

Besides its antihistamine effect, vitamin C can help a person’s biochemistry in other, more subtle ways. Vitamin C can be purchased as straight ascorbic acid, or the pH neutral calcium ascorbate or sodium ascorbate. For people who are sympathetic dominants, straight ascorbic acid should be tried, since those types of people may not have sufficient hydrochloric acid secretions. The loosely bound hydrogen from the ascorbic acids hydroxyl group will dissociate in the stomach and help digest protein.

Technorati Tags: Attenuation, Histamine, Illness, Mental, Part, Role, Vitamin

Hot Weather Increases Drug Deaths

Two recent studies highlighted by Science Daily prove that drug overdose deaths increase when the weather rises above seventy-five degrees.  With the temperature climbing in many states it is imperative that law enforcement, health officials, and parents recognize this threat to the enormous amount of drug users in our country and take steps to educate them of the possible threat.  Almost half of the US population knows someone with a drug problem which is not surprising considering over twelve million Americans take illegal drugs on a regular basis.

Science Daily cited three years of “Preclinical research undertaken by Pharmacology PhD student Emily Jaehne [which] shows that ecstasy deaths, which are invariably related to elevated body temperature, may be related to drug users’ failure to recognise their body is abnormally hot.”  Jaehne states that, “The fact that these drugs are often taken in warm nightclubs and at rave parties increases the risk of long- term changes in brain function, or even death.  Our bodies usually maintain a constant temperature of 37 degrees Celsius, but in some cases ecstasy can elevate this by up to five degrees, leading to severe brain damage.”

Ecstasy, or MDMA, is a synthetic drug that is both a hallucinogen and a stimulant.  It “produces feelings of increased energy, euphoria, emotional warmth, and distortions in time, perception, and tactile experiences” for the user.  Taken in capsule form, ecstasy is often combined with other illegal drugs and alcohol to increase the “high”.  According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), “Research in animals indicates that MDMA can be harmful to the brain—one study in nonhuman primates showed that exposure to MDMA for only 4 days caused damage to serotonin nerve terminals that was still evident 6 to 7 years later.1 Although similar neurotoxicity has not been shown definitively in humans, the wealth of animal research indicating MDMA’s damaging properties strongly suggests that MDMA is not a safe drug for human consumption. This is currently an area of active research.”

Because of these health concerns, the United Nations has criminalized manufacturing, possession, and sale of ecstasy.  Despite this illegal status, in 2008 approximately 894,000 individuals tried ecstasy for the first time according to NIDA.  This growing number of Americans must be informed of the serious health risks ecstasy brings especially in warmer weather.

Technorati Tags: Deaths, Drug, Increases, Weather

As seen on www.QuietAgent.com , Anonymously evaluating every job, every day for you. Collect, identify, classify, and analyze physical evidence related to criminal investigations. Perform tests on weapons or substances, such as fiber, hair, and tissue to determine significance to investigation. May testify as expert witnesses on evidence or crime laboratory techniques. May serve as specialists in area of expertise, such as ballistics, fingerprinting, handwriting, or biochemistry.

Technorati Tags: Career, Forensic, Profile, Science, Technicians

All About Forensic Science Internships

Serving a forensic science internship is one of the most exciting and rewarding times in a persons life who has chosen fornsics as a career choice. Its the first time that they actually get to put their training to work on real evidence that has been gathered from actual crime scenes.

It is one thing to see in a classroom how things actually function in the lab with hypothetical cases and evidence but when the evidence is real and the actual conclusions that are being arrived at are to be used to solve a crime, it is a different story all together.

How does a person that is interested in serving a forensic science internship find a lab to serve it in? The fact is that forensic science labs regularly recruit their interns from forensic science schools and of course the best labs tend to recruit from the best schools.

A forensic science internship serves two purposes for the student. First, it allows a person to reinforce what they have learned, by assisting seasoned professionals with the actual work that is being done in a forensics lab. Secondly, it allows a person that has completed or is nearing the completion of their degree to work in a lab with with a certian level of flexibility.

This will help them in their final decision making process when they are deciding which direction to take in their career. Also, a forensic science internship is a time when a person that has recently graduated can begin to build a resume to use in finding a permanent job is a forensic science lab.

Choosing the right school to attend can be crucial in determining where you are going to be able to serve your forensic science internship. So, it is important to ask what their policies are on internships when selecting a forensics school to attend.

This unique course will focus on the analytical knowledge and skills required by students aiming for a career within the police – civilian or military- and the many domestic and international investigative agencies. There are three core elements. Firstly, Criminal Investigation in which you will learn about sources of law, domestic and international criminal law, legal powers, and investigative and interviewing techniques. Secondly, Crime Scene and Forensic Investigation, which is primarily concerned with finding, recovering and analysing scientific evidence. Finally, you will study either Forensic Biology, Forensic Chemistry, Forensic Anthropology or Forensic Computing depending on your own interests and aspirations.

Technorati Tags: About, Forensic, Internships, Science

Marsha Wills-Karp, PhD, Director of the Division of Immunobiology at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, discusses research into allergens and immune responses. This video was part of the Annual Report 2008-09 Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation Annual Report. This years report features young patients whose health was transformed or whose lives were saved by our research. Learn more at www.cincinnatichildrens.org/research/about/ann-report/2009/default.htm.
Video Rating: 5 / 5

Technorati Tags: Discusses, immunology, into, Marsha, Research, WillsKarp

Careers in Chiropractic Medicine Today

Explore Careers in Chiropractic Medicine in the United States and Canada. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that over half of the professional practitioners, who have careers in chiropractic medicine, are self-employed. This means that there are a great number of professional entrepreneurs in the field that are making an impact on alternative medicine.

What education is necessary for careers in chiropractic medicine?

One of the many reasons why students are flocking to chiropractic schools and colleges is to earn the lucrative position of Doctor of Chiropractic, or “D.C.” As all States regulate careers in chiropractic medicine, it is essential that candidates acquire proper training and education from an accredited school or university. The majority of chiropractic programs involves over 4,000 training hours, and typically requires prerequisite education prior to enrollment. In this course of study, students learn about anatomy, pathology, physiology, microbiology, biochemistry, spinal adjusting techniques, nutrition, and X-rays.

Depending on which careers in chiropractic medicine you choose to pursue, there are a number of specialized post-doctorate programs that offer focused training in specific areas including family practice, orthopedics, neurology, nutrition, and rehabilitation, among others.

What practices/therapies do careers in chiropractic medicine entail?

In addition to orthopedic, neurological and physical examinations; this holistic system of healthcare treatment includes spinal adjustments, nutritional and lifestyle counseling; heat, light and water therapies; massage techniques, electrical stimulation, and other health and wellness recommendations.

What makes careers in chiropractic medicine so rewarding?

In addition to the fact that job prospects for careers in chiropractic medicine are expected to grow faster than average than other occupational fields, consumer demand for alternative and complementary medicine is on the rise; and because more health insurance plans are beginning to cover these holistic healthcare services, the more compelled patients will be to seek chiropractic care. Aside from being able to help treat patients naturally, earnings are another reason why students might want to pursue careers in chiropractic medicine. Reported mean salary in 2005 was over 4,000; however, potential exists for chiropractors to earn well above 8,000 yearly.

If you (or someone you know) are interested in finding careers in chiropractic medicine let professional training within fast-growing industries like massage therapy, cosmetology, acupuncture, oriental medicine, Reiki, and others get you started! Explore career school programs near you.

*Occupational Resources: BLS (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics)

Careers in Chiropractic Medicine Today

All Rights Reserved

NOTICE: Article(s) may be republished free of charge to relevant websites, as long as Copyright and Author Resource Box are included; and ALL Hyperlinks REMAIN intact and active.

Technorati Tags: Careers, Chiropractic, Medicine, Today

Alternative Health Careers – Five Occupational Options

As the field of natural healing therapies continues to grow, so does the demand for alternative health careers. Some of the diverse healthcare occupations that alternative and complementary medicine offer prospective students include healing arts disciplines in massage therapy, homeopathy, herbal medicine, natural health, and acupuncture, among many others.

Today’s alternative health careers like massage therapy require specific training and education; including an expanding minimum standard of 500 instructional hours comprised of basic sciences (anatomy, physiology, kinesiology, and pathology), Swedish massage, deep tissue massage, and sports massage. Other related studies like CPR and first aid, as well as business management and client communications are commonly integrated into this program of study.

Homeopathy is also a unique option to those seeking alternative health careers. Similar to most medical programs, homeopathic courses require rigorous educational studies like anatomy, biochemistry, homeopathic philosophy, physiology, materia medica, and other comprehensive coursework. To successfully acquire alternative health careers in homeopathy, individuals should review educational prerequisites as most homeopathic colleges and schools typically require some formal training and education prior to enrollment.

If you’re drawn to alternative health careers that involve herbal medicine, a number of holistic education programs including Chinese medicine, naturopathy, homeopathy and natural health commonly offer herbology and aromatherapy as part of their curricula. Choose from beginner classes to more advanced training options like earning your degree in herbal sciences.

Natural health professions are also part of the vast array of alternative health careers. Earn your diploma or certificate as a natural health practitioner after you’ve completed an in-depth course in natural healing therapies like massage, aromatherapy, herbal medicine, Reiki, and reflexology. Healing arts schools vary in subject matter, so check with prospective schools prior to applying.

Of these alternative health careers, acupuncture and Oriental medicine practitioners probably have one of the most unique educational foundations. In addition to learning both Eastern and Western medicine philosophies, acupuncture education offers a rare look into Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) principles and theories; including needling techniques, Tai Chi, moxibustion, Chinese herbal medicine, Tuina, Qi gong, and even Chinese medical language, among others. Prospective students should be aware, however, that alternative health careers in acupuncture do require several years of dedication.

If you (or someone you know) are interested in learning more about these and other alternative health career options, let professional training within fast-growing industries like massage therapy, cosmetology, acupuncture, oriental medicine, Reiki, and others get you started! Explore training programs for alternative health careers near you.

Alternative Health Careers – Five Occupational Options

All Rights Reserved

NOTICE: Article(s) may be republished free of charge to relevant websites, as long as Copyright and Author Resource Box are included; and ALL Hyperlinks REMAIN intact and active.

Related Biochemistry Careers Articles

Technorati Tags: Alternative, Careers, Five, Health, Occupational, Options